BACKGROUND: Mice are the most common laboratory animals used in research. Parasitic infections in laboratory animals affect both the research results and the health of researchers.OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the infection status of intestinal parasites of mice in three main animal houses in Tehran.METHODS: In this study, 75 mice (25 from each animal house) were randomly purchased from an animal breeding house in Tehran and investigated. Mice were euthanized and autopsied. In order to study the gastrointestinal protozoa, wet smears were prepared from different parts of the intestine and feces and stained with Giemsa and Ziehl-Neelsen if necessary. Afterwards, the intestinal contents were examined and helminths were separated. If necessary, specific staining was used to diagnose helminths.RESULTS: Among the detected parasites, Aspiculuris tetraptera was the most prevalent (% 93.3). The mice were also infected with Syphacia obvelata (% 62.6), Hymenolepis nana (% 61.3), Tritrichomonas muris (% 22.6), Giardia muris (% 21.3), Spironucleus muris (% 18.6), Hymenolepis diminuta (% 17.3), and Cryptosporidium (% 6.6).CONCLUSIONS: Out of 75 adult mice studied, all had at least one parasite. This can affect the research results and jeopardize the health of researchers and related personnel.

BACKGROUND: Recent investigations  have identified anthelminitic effects of many medicinal plants particularly from condensed tannin sources. In addition, gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants have a negative effect on the farming industry worldwide. Objectives: The aim of the present study was  to determine the potential anthelmintic effects of Quercus robur extract on alimentary canal nematodes in naturally infected sheep by faecal egg count reduction test (EPGRT). Methods: The crude aqueous extract was prepared from Quercus robur as tannin extract. The nature and intensity of helminth infection was determined by coprological examination. The faecal samples of 600 sheep were collected from different regions of Kurdistan province. The samples were examined by flotation method (Clyton-Lane technique). Fifteen sheep with the most count in egg per gram (include Marshallagia, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylids) were divided into three groups of five animals: First group (test group) were drenched with Quercus robur extract at 3.75g/kg, second group (positive control group) received Albendazole 2.5%, orally at 5mg/kg and third group (negative control) without treatment. Results: The results of faecal examination  3 days after administration indicated significant reduction of EPG in both group’s treatment and positive control groups, 90.76% and 90.83% respectively, whereas there was no effect in the third group. Results were evaluated by Chi-square analysis and showed significant differences between treatment and negative control groups (p≤0.05). Nosignificant differences were observed between treatment group and positive control group (p≥0.05). Conclusions: Results reveal that aquatic extract of Quercus robur has anthelminitic activity and further large scale studies are suggested to confirm pharmacologic effects of this herbal extract.

Experimental and field trials were conducted to evaluate an ELISA for its ability to detect Trichinella-infected domestic swine and to compare ELISA results with muscle-digestion test results. The ELISA used was a commercial double-antibody kit, containing an excretory-secretory antigen, and was evaluated principally for epidemiologic use. Experimentally induced infection in swine (4 groups of 3 pigs each; inoculated with 0, 50, 500 or 5,000 larvae) was detected as early as postinoculation week 4, with seroconversion of all inoculated swine by postinoculation week 8. The rate of seroconversion appeared to be by initial larval dose, time after inoculation, and immunocompetence of the individual host. Determination of antibody kinetics generally revealed rapidly increasing antibody titer, followed by its steady decrease in most pigs. Once seropositive, however, all pigs remained seropositive for the duration of the 10-week study. Presence of muscle larvae was confirmed in all infected pigs at termination of the study. We recognize that the experimental conditions may not be truly representative of those under which natural infection develops in pigs; however, the ELISA detected an infected pig with muscle larval density of 0.87 larvae/g of tissue. Results of a field trial (n = 310) indicated no muscle digestion test-positive pigs (35 g of diaphragm muscle digested/pig), but 3 samples tested positive by ELISA for specificity of 99.0%.

Musculature from 198 Canadian cattle with suspected lesions of eosinophilic myositis were examined histologically and by pepsin digestion. Sera from 51 of the 198 animals were also examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-Trichinella antibodies. Viable larvae of Trichinella were not recovered from any of the cattle but one animal from Ontario tested positive for anti-Trichinella antibodies. Histologically, focal and/or diffuse eosinophilic myositis lesions were observed in 149 (75.2%) of the animals studied. Other conditions identified were sarcocystiosis, abscesses, cysticercosis, steatosis, fibrosis, granuloma, lymphosarcoma and necrosis. Sarcocystiosis was identified in 105 of the 198 animals in both normal and affected musculature. The study indicates that trichinosis is not a primary cause of eosinophilic myositis in cattle.

The possible development of type-1 hypersensitivity reactions in the abomasal mucosa caused by soluble L3 products of Ostertagia ostertagi was studied in 4-month-old calves sensitized by repeated exposure to L3 over a 50-day period followed by anthelmintic treatment. Four groups each of 4 calves were used. Group 1 served as nonsensitized controls and group 2 as sensitized controls, group 3 was challenge exposed at 2-week intervals beginning at week 10 with a soluble L3 product (OAG), and group 4 was challenge exposed at 2-week intervals with an oral dose of L3, followed by anthelmintic treatment 3 days later. All calves infected with L3 became sensitized, as indicated by a positive reaction to an intradermal skin test. However, a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was only partly effective in indicating the presence of homocytotropic antibody in the infected calves. Sensitized calves had significantly (P < 0.05) higher eosinophil counts and plasma pepsinogen values for the entire 14 weeks than uninfected controls. Globule leukocyte and mast cell counts from the abomasal mucosa were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher. Studies for possible immunomodulation revealed that lymphocyte counts decreased between every 2-week challenge-exposure period for groups-3 and -4 calves. A transient depression of blood lymphocyte (BL) responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a T-cell mitogen, was observed over the first 8 weeks in the infected calves. Increases in BL responses to OAG were also observed. Differences were not observed in BL responses to pokeweed mitogen, a T- and B-cell mitogen. Blood lymphocyte responses to PHA in group-3 calves were low following the initial challenge exposure with OAG. The sensitized calf lymphocytes did not have suppressive activity on the response of control calf lymphocytes to PHA. Differences were not observed in lymphocyte responses to PHA in a suppressive assay done on abomasal lymph node lymphocytes. Increases in abomasal lymph node mass and lymphocyte responses to PHA, pokeweed mitogen, and OAG were observed in all sensitized calves. Histologic examination of abomasal lymph node sections from challenge-exposed calves revealed increased mitotic activity in germinal centers. Plasma pepsinogen values in groups 3 and 4 increased between each challenge exposure, which further suggested that type-1 hypersensitivity reactions had occurred in the abomasal mucosa, resulting in increased permeability and leakage of macromolecules.

The objective of this study was to assess the extent of parasitological contamination of soil irrigated with wastewater. Samples were randomly collected including soil, and water samples from which soils were watered. Samples were taken from different locations in Sharkia governorate, in the east of Nile Delta, Egypt. Such locations were irrigated from water canals, namely El-Ganabia, Sherwida, El-mahmodyia, El-Senety, and Saft Zerek. The samples were collected monthly during September 2021 to September 2022. More than half of the collected samples (60.7%) tested significantly positive for parasite contamination. The largest proportion of pollution was found in areas near the El-Senety Canal with a rate of infection (80%), whereas soil samples near the Moias Canal area had significantly the lowest (40%). 40.8% of positive samples had one parasite species, whereas 37.9% and 11.5% of positive samples were infected with parasites.

An antigen extract of Dictyocaulus viviparus was analyzed by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the antigen-recognition patterns of serum antibody from cattle not infected, cattle infected with D viviparus, and cattle with unknown history of D viviparus were analyzed by the use of ELISA and western blotting techniques. Cross-reactive antibody-recognition patterns were determined by comparing western blots of D viviparus-positive sera with blots of D viviparus-negative sera obtained from cattle singly infected with Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, or Ostertagia ostertagi. Five antigen bands unique to D viviparus were identified, and their frequency of appearance in western blots of sera from verified D viviparus-positive and -negative cattle, and sera from cattle exposed to the parasite, but with unknown D viviparus immune status, were determined. Of the 5 antigens unique to D viviparus, 29- and 19-kd bands had the highest frequencies of reaction (45.9 and 59.0%, respectively) with the test sera. These bands had strong reactivity with sera containing antibodies to D viviparus and did not react with the heterologous sera. We conclude that the 29- and 19-kd antigens may be useful for developing an improved serodiagnostic test for D viviparus infections in cattle.

Fourteen cats were inoculated orally with 1 of 2 infective doses of Toxocara canis to induce eosinophilia. Cats were subsequently challenge exposed twice via intraperitoneal injection with 1 of 2 T canis antigen preparations. Peritoneal lavage was performed 2 days after antigenic challenge exposure, and eosinophils in the peritoneal lavage fluid were quantified. None of the cats developed clinical signs of disease after infection. All cats developed peripheral eosinophilia after infection. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean eosinophil count from the lavage fluid was observed between lavage 1 (prechallenge exposure) and lavages 2 and 3 (postchallenge exposure) in both groups of cats. Significant difference in eosinophil count was not found between cats given different doses of eggs. After initial challenge exposure, significantly (P < 0.05) more eosinophils were obtained from cats given antigen preparation 2 (prep-2) than from those given antigen prep-1. This difference was no longer observed after the second challenge exposure with higher doses of either antigen prep-1 or prep-2. In cats given antigen prep-2, significant difference was not found between lavages 2 and 3. However, in cats given antigen prep-1, eosinophil count was significantly (P = 0.005) greater in fluid obtained from lavage 3, compared with eosinophil count from lavage 2. Mean +/- SEM percentage of eosinophils in the fluid from lavage 3 in all cats was 70.8 +/- 2.2%. Other cell types included macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells. Gross postmortem findings were mild. One- to 3-mm nodular white foci of inflammation were observed on the serosal surfaces of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and omentum. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed pulmonary artery hypertrophy (n = 4), eosinophilic peribronchitis and perivasculitis (n = 10), mild granulomatous interstitial nephritis (n = 6), interstitial pancreatitis (n = 1), focal lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 1), focal eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis (n = 1), and eosinophilic hyperplasia of bone marrow (n = 14). Large numbers of eosinophils could be harvested from the peritoneal cavity of cats inoculated orally with 500 embryonated T canis eggs and subsequently challenge-exposed intraperitoneally with preparations of parasite antigens. After the second challenge exposure, at least 108 eosinophils could be harvested from each cat, yielding eosinophils in the quantity required to begin isolation of granule constituents.

Inoculation of swine with a sylvatic isolate of Trichinella spiralis, designated T s nativa, resulted in low numbers of muscle larvae, compared with muscle larvae accumulation in swine inoculated with a pig type of T s spiralis. Despite low infectivity of T s nativa for swine, primary inoculation resulted in high levels of immunity against challenge infection with T s spiralis. This immunity was expressed in accelerated expulsion of challenge adults from the intestine and reduced numbers of muscle larvae. Pigs inoculated with T s nativa developed cellular and humoral responses similar to those in pigs inoculated with T s spiralis. However, in immunoblots, sera from pigs inoculated with T s nativa recognized additional proteins in muscle larvae excretory-secretory (ES) products, compared with sera from pigs inoculated with T s spiralis. Active immunization of pigs with ES products from T s nativa resulted in numerically higher, but not significantly different levels of immunity, compared with pigs immunized with ES from T s spiralis. The highest levels of immunity were obtained in pigs immunized with a T s spiralis newborn larval extract. The combination of ES products and newborn larval extract did not result in additive levels of immunity. These results indicate that the major immune effector response to Trichinella sp in pigs is against the newborn larvae, regardless of the genetic type of Trichinella sp.

An ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid (ThFAS) was further evaluated for use in the immunodiagnosis of cysticercosis. Analysis of ThFAS by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein immunoblot analysis confirmed earlier reports of a highly specific, low molecular weight antigen in this preparation; in contrast, other components of ThFAS were shown to react nonspecifically. Antibodies against the < 12-kD diagnostic antigen were detected in sera from 10 cattle and 4 swine inoculated with metacestodes of T saginata and T solium, respectively, but not in animals inoculated with Fasciola hepatica, Trichinella spiralis, Brucella abortus, or Toxoplasma gondii, or in noninoculated controls. Isolation and immobilization of the < 12-kD antigen on a hydrophobic transfer membrane resulted in development of an unambiguous dipstick assay capable of correctly identifying fully developed (10-week) experimentally induced infections in cattle and swine. In addition, the dipstick assay was highly specific for diagnosis of the disease in human beings, and offers the potential of distinguishing between human clinical cases of cysticercosis and taeniasis. A similar reactive antigen of diagnostic potential was also identified and isolated from T crassiceps and T taeniaeformis cyst fluids.