In the last two decades, the chemical and biological contaminants in livestock and livestock products worldwide have been considered as one of the causes that threatens life of both man and animals. In Sudan very little work has been done in this field. This study was carried out to detect Oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in sheep liver and muscle samples in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 150 samples comprising of liver (n=75) and muscle (n=75) of sheep were collected from three different localities in Khartoum State during the period from March to September 2013. The OTC residues were detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and one plate test (OPT). The results of HPLC showed that the level of OTC residues in liver samples above maximum residue limit (MRL) was 4% (n=3/75) and under MRL was 96%. Regard to muscle samples, the level of OTC residues above MRL was 60.3% (n=35/58), whereas, under MRL was 39.7%. Using OPT, 14.7% (n=11/75) and 6.7% (n=5/75) of liver and muscle samples showed inhibition zone, respectively. It is concluded that OTC residues are detected in sheep liver and muscle sample with different levels in Khartoum state. Further investigation on level of OTC residues in other farm animals and other organs throughout the country is recommended. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2015; 2(3.000): 321-325]

The current study is aimed to investigate the fungal contaminants in fish feed. Isolation of fungi was conducted on modified dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Feed samples were assayed for aflatoxins using HPLC. A total of 43 species belonging to 19 fungal genera recovered from 45 fish feed samples. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most predominant genera with isolation frequency values indicated the retrieval capability of DG18 over PDA medium. For instance, Aspergillus spp. recorded 60%, 53.3% while Penicillium spp. were 33.3%, 17.8% on DG18 and PDA respectively via direct plating. 41.4% of the tested isolates were mycotoxin producers. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected by 6 out of 10 screened Aspergillus isolates. Fumitremorgens, Gliotoxin, Ochratoxin A and B, and Zeralenone were also detected. The feed samples of high total count percentages (TC%) of A. flavus recorded the highest incidence of aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 (2.3, 35.3 and 7.8 ng/g respectively). Meanwhile, the highest B1 concentration (3.7 ng/g) was recorded for the highest TC% interval studied (1:9 cfu/g). Thus, it is important to monitor the fungal load and mycotoxins in fish feed periodically using proper practical approaches.

Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species are extensively dispersed throughout the environment and have seriously affected human and animal food supplies, posing health dangers and even resulting in death, as a consequence. Our study's goal was to investigate infections of Aspergillus flavus and the amount of aflatoxins (AF) in chicken livers where they are metabolized specially AFB1. Sixty-five chicken liver samples were bought from frozen meat shops, supermarkets, and special slaughterhouses in Qena, Egypt. The samples were evaluated traditionally, molecularly, and HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the amount of AFs. In addition, A. flavus' susceptibility to amphotericin B and voriconazole was also determined. The findings revealed the presence of different fungal species, in particular, Aspergillus species (21.5%). A total percentage of 85.7 of A. flavus isolates were classified as low aflatoxin producers, according to HPLC analyses. Furthermore, aflatoxins contaminated 70% of the liver samples from which AFB1 was detected at 60%. Although this measurement was lower than the European limits, Egyptian standards found it unacceptable. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that 71.4 and 42.8% of A. flavus isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and voriconazole, respectively. These results show the extent of the role of chicken livers in the transmission of aflatoxicosis to humans. Hinting that these samples are dangerous to consumers. Consequently, there is a need to adopt aflatoxin residue monitoring and controls in all poultry meat; this cost-effective and efficient technology looks to be beneficial for better food safety. Or at least, liver from poultry that has been exposed to aflatoxins should not be consumed by humans until be cleared before slaughtering.

The current study was deliberated to evaluate safety and quality of small scale Tallaga cheese sold in Egyptian markets, as well as detecting its fraud. Fifty samples were examined chemically and microbiologically with special reference to fatty acid profile and presence of inhibitory substances. Results showed that the mean values of fat, T.S, moisture and fat/T.S % were 38.13, 47.17, 52.80 and 69.24 %, respectively. Samples from twelve small scale plants were examined for fatty acid profile, the majority of examined samples lack butyric fatty acid in their profile that characterizes milk fat. A high content of palmitic acid reached to 48% found in some market samples, others had a high percent of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to control treatments prepared in lab which indicated the skimming of milk fat with addition of vegetable oils. The ratio of n-6/n-3 in most examined samples (83.33%) exceeds the permitted limits. On detecting addition of inhibitory substance one sample was found to contain benzoate and other contains carbonate. Microbiological examination of samples revealed that mean values of total bacterial, yeast and mold counts were 70×107, 20×107 and 10×102 CFU/g, respectively. This study recommends application of restricted regulations on small factories, labeling of its products must be mandatory in order not to fraud consumers, as well as great attention must be paid for using fatty acid profile for detecting adulteration without depending only on determining fat%.

In this study, the levels of aflatoxin M₁(AFM₁) in milk were determined by HPLC with derivatization method. Milk samples were purified using C∧18 disposable cartridge followed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid and analysed using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The recoveries of AFM₁ from milk samples added AFM₁ at a level of 0.025~0.1 ng/ml were 94.7~98.0% with detection limit of 0.009 ng/ml. The amounts of AFM₁ were determined below 0.05 ng/ml for all tested samples of commercial milk collected in 1999 and 2000.

One of the most desired and promising diets in Egypt is beef products. It is an enriched media for mycotoxins. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species is inspected in commercial beef products, HPLC-quantitative amount of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 excesses, and genetic identification of aflatoxin regulatory gene (aflR1) by conventional PCR. Two hundred and forty commercial products (minced meat, beef kofta, beef sausage, beef burger, beef luncheon, frozen meat, beef frozen liver, chicken luncheon, chicken burger, chicken frozen liver, mloha, and fesikh; n=20 for each) were collected from different markets at Aswan City, Egypt. Enumeration, isolation, and identification of mold species were carried to each sample. The amount of aflatoxins was measured using HPLC. Genetic identification of the aflR1 gene in Aspergillus was performed using PCR. Mloha samples recorded the highest total mold count whereas the beef luncheon recorded the lowest mould count. Four fungal genera were identified and Aspergillus spp recorded the main with an incidence of 25.8%. By PCR, the aflR1 gene was productively augmented in all the tested Aspergillus spp. The findings illustrated that among the samples that were examined; the prevalence of AFB1 was 65%, followed by AFG2 at 63%, AFB2 at 40%, and AFG1 at 30%. Additionally, mloha (724.2±14.6), poultry frozen liver (288±6.7), and beef frozen liver (91.6±12.2) had higher mean values of total aflatoxins contamination than other samples. Every sample that has been analyzed shows a positive correlation between the amount of reduced total mycotoxins found in the samples and the increased dose of gamma irradiation used to treat the samples. Conclusion: Aflatoxin is frequently linked to meat, poultry, and fish, as well as the products made from these foods. The production of aflatoxin in meat, as well as the products made from it, creates a danger to the public’s health. Thus, the most effective way to prevent aflatoxigenic mould contamination during the product’s production stages is to apply stringent hygienic standards when processing meat products and to use high-quality flavoring agents as spices.

Irresponsible use of antibiotics, inability to follow label guidelines, or insufficient withdrawal periods before slaughtering poultry could result in antibiotic residues in edible poultry tissues, thereby representing hazards to public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residual levels of three commonly used antimicrobials including oxytetracycline (OXY), enrofloxacin (ENRO), and sulfadimidine (SULFA) in muscle, skin, and giblets of chicken carcasses quantitatively. Additionally, the obtained residual values were compared to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) stated by the regulatory authorities. The findings denoted that the muscles of fresh domestic broilers had significantly higher values of OXY, ENRO, and SULFA than those of fresh native breeds and imported frozen chicken (p<0.05). Similarly, in pooled giblets (equal weights of liver and kidneys), OXY and ENRO were significantly higher in domestic broilers than in native breeds (p<0.05). Likewise, ENRO and SULFA residues were higher in skin samples of domestic broilers than in native breeds. In comparison to the MRLs reported by the European Commission, the muscles from 20, 60, and 50 % of examined domestic broiler carcasses exceeded the MRLs of OXY, ENRO, and SULFA., respectively, whereas muscles from 20, 70, and 50 % of examined native breed carcasses surpassed these MRLs, respectively. Conversely, in imported frozen broilers, no muscle samples topped the MRL of OXY, while 10 % of the examined carcasses exceeded the MRLs of both ENRO and SULFA. Therefore, very extensive work is needed to monitor the antimicrobial residues in poultry tissues, as well as educational programs about the proper use of antibiotics in poultry production with emphasis on the public health risks of antibiotic residues in food should target the farmers.

This study was conducted to observe the occurrence of aflatoxin in chicken feed from Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 336 samples of chicken feed from Peninsular Malaysia were conveniently collected in this survey. The chicken feed represented the following three categories which are starter, grower and finisher. All samples werecollected from local poultry farms in East Coast Region (Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang), Northern Region (Perlis, Kedah, Penang, and Perak), Southern Region (Malacca, Johor) and Central Region (Selangor, Negeri Sembilan) of Peninsular Malaysia for a periodof six months (July-December 2015). Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for screening of total aflatoxin (TA) in the samples. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector was used for determination of aflatoxin B and G. Moisture content of samples was determined using the hot airoven method (AOAC International, 2011). Overall, the incidence of positive TA >20 µg/kg in chicken feed is 14.9% (50 samples). The average level of TA was found significantly different between different states at p<0.05 for both broiler grower and finisher. Thechromatograph results showed that positive samples were found in broiler finisher from Kedah (94.6 µg/kg and 42.1 µg/kg) and Penang(56.4 µg/kg) with aflatoxin B1. In this study, the range of moisture content were around 6.5-27.3%. About 40% samples have more than12% moisture content. One of the predisposing factors for aflatoxin accumulation in chicken feed is moisture content. The results warrantthe need for surveillance and constant monitoring programmes for the prevention of aflatoxin incidence in poultry farms.

The present study was planned to evaluate the bioequivalence of two commercial formulations of enrofloxacin, which have been marketed as 10% injectable solution after intramuscular administration at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 12 clinically healthy goats The study was carried out on the basis of crossover design. The two formulations were: Baytril as a reference product and Spectrama Vet as a test product. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The pharmacokinetics of that data was performed using non-compartmental analysis. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak concentration (Tmax), area under concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life (t0.5el) were 1.14 and 1.05 μg/mL, 0.79 and 0.83 h, 5.70 and 5.79 μg.h/mL, 5.19 and 5.39 h for Baytril and Spectrama Vet, respectively. The 90% confidence interval for the mean ratio of Tmax, Cmax and AUC were 94.72~116.2, 87.88~97.16 and 86.44~118.72%, respectively. These values falls within the European Medicines Agency bioequivalence acceptance range of 80~125% for both Tmax and AUC and between 75~133% for Cmax. In conclusion, Spectrama-Vet is bioequivalent to Baytril and both products can be used as interchangeable drug in veterinary medicine practice.