Studies were conducted to ascertain in vitro effects and effects of percutaneous application (in vivo) of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate; DDVP) on cholinesterase activities in bovine erythrocytes and plasma. Treatment in vitro of erythrocytes and plasma with DDVP resulted in concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities. Mean (+/- SD) DDVP concentrations required to cause 50% enzyme inhibition were 15.7 +/- 3.3 muM and 43.1 +/- 5.7 muM for AChE and ChE, respectively; however, these values required to achieve this inhibition were markedly decreased with increasing incubation time. The inhibited AChE activity failed to be reactivated after incubation of erythrocytes with 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM); however, limited reactivation of inhibited AChE and ChE activities was observed with excess concentration of 2-PAM. Percutaneous application of a DDVP-containing livestock spray on cattle also caused a marked decrease in the in vivo activities of AChE and ChE; however, the inhibited enzyme activities were reactivated rapidly after incubation with 2-PAM.

Pesticides are extensively used for the control of crop pests in agriculture and forestry. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides are especially effective for the control of a variety of harmful insects. However, these cholinesterase inhibitors are also dangerous to non-target organisms (wildlife and other animals) because of their high acute toxicity. Most poisonings by pesticides occur as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, but intentional killing of unwanted animals also occurs. At the request of a local autonomous entity, we investigated wild bird poisonings by pesticides from 2003 to 2007. The 207 suspicious samples of pesticide poisoning based on the necropsy were analyzed by GC/NPD, GC/FPD, or GC/MSD. We looked for trends in the identification of pesticides in wild birds thought to have died from poisoning. Pesticides were determined in 59% of the total samples analyzed. Phosphamidon and monochrotophos were the most common pesticides identified, which amounted to 77% of the subtotal. Other OP and carbamate pesticides were also found in various concentrations from dead wild birds. The determined rates of pesticides were as high as 86% and 76% in 2003 and 2006, respectively, during an outbreak of avian influenza in Korea.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of Organophosphate(Malathion and Atrazine), and determined the accumulation of these pesticides in thewhole body of zebrafish, and some biochemical responses in its brain and muscle.The results showed that MAL and ATR could be rapidly accumulated in the fish bodyshortly after being exposed to acute concentrations of the toxicants and exhibited adose-dependent manner. This was also validated by the response of antioxidantdefense, superoxide dismutase and catalase, both exhibited significant increase inactivity. Acetylcholinesterase activity of zebrafish was also shown inhibited in adose-dependent manner.

The aim of this study to determinate the toxic effect for different concentrations of organphosphorous pesticide called Chlorpyrphous, some histological and physiological features of the internal organs of ( Mus musculus ) mice by oral administration. The experimental mice were oral administration of (0.1mg.kg and 0.2 mg /kg. ) twice weekly during 3 weeks. After 21 day of experiment the (GOT, GPT )enzymes and urea and total protein were estimated . The following organ were taken for histological studies: liver, kidney, lung, stomach, intestine, and testes. The histological studies were carried out on the liver and kidney. The results of this study showed that the oral administration of chloropyrphose in some histological changes in kidney and liver. and elevation in the level of GOT of GPT enzyme also urea and protein.

The increasing prevalence of toxic substance-exposure in pets in South Korea endangers the health and safety of numerous companion animals, and has become a cause for concern. Notably, the annual incidence of forensic analysis in pets has increased by more than 150% in South Korea, mainly in populous regions such as Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi. In response to this growing issue, veterinary forensic examinations were conducted on 549 dogs and cats from 2019 to 2022. This study revealed the presence of various toxic substances, including pesticides, insecticides, and drugs such as analgesics, anesthetics, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants, in pets. Among the 38 different toxins identified in pets, coumatetralyl, methomyl, terbufos, and buprofezin were the most frequently detected. In this study, toxic substances for pets were identified based on the “toxic agent list for humans,” developed by the National Forensic Services, because no list of toxic agents for animals currently exists and data regarding potentially toxic substances for dogs and cats is limited. This is one of the limitations of this study, and necessitates the establishment of a toxic agent list for animals. Continued monitoring and research is also recommended to reveal the incidence, causes, and solutions of toxicity in animals.

Fourteen years of study from September 1996 to September 2010 included all province of Iraq. This study showed behavior and outbreak of old world screw worm from first recoded in Iraq with signal to its epidemiology. Investigation show proliferation and spread of fly in areas and the ways of reach this fly to in. many cases recorded at 60c and zeroC.erradication study where occur by using new method of spraying chemical pesticides and used ivermectin as injection s/c for animals as prevention. This technique improved that no cases were recorded in all town of Iraq especially in Basra which have big problem of infestation of old world screw worm in animals at 2004-2005. Study improve that were good professional staff of veterinarian in Iraq can eradication old world screw worm without using of sterile male fly technique of chrysomya bezziana.