Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is common in the world. Because of the difficulties in the treatment and control of the disease, the disease has gained popularity among researchers. Today, however, no vaccine has been developed for human protection. Considering the fact that the vector can survive in a wide ecosystem and the disease can be detected in many mammals such as humans, dogs, rodents, prevention from leishmaniasis and treatment of the disease require a combined intervention. The toxic effects of the drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, the expensive treatment and the resistance of the parasite to the drug have led to the research of alternative treatment methods. This review is intended to provide an overview of leishmaniasis alternative treatment practices and to guide new researchs.

The present study was designed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Randia dumetorum, Tinospora cordifolia and commercial herbal medicine (Prajana HS, Indian Herbs Overseas) for induction of cyclicity in anoestrus buffalo heifers.Fourty eight anoestrus buffalo heifers were examined and redistributed into six groups(G0, G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) and each comprising of eight (n=8) animals. Untreated anoestrus animals (G0) andcyclic animals (G6) were kept as an anoestrus control and cyclic control, respectively. Group G1 wassupplemented with the mineral mixture, while G2, G3, G4, and G5 groups were treated with Prajana HS, Randiadumetorum,Tinospora cordifolia,and the combination of Randia dumetorum andTinospora cordifolia,respectively along with supplementation of mineral mixture. Overall estrus induction and conception rate were recorded as 50 % and 75 % in mineral mixture (G1),75 and 83.33 % in Prajana HS (G2), 87.50 % and 85.71 % in Randia dumetorum (G3), 62.5% and 80% inTinospora cordifolia (G4), and 87.5% and 85.71% in Randia dumetorum and Tinospora cordifolia combination(G5) whereas none of heifers were exhibited estrus symptom in untreated anoestrus control group.

Samanea tubulosa is a plant used for medicinal and feeding purposes. However, ingestion of S. tubulosa pods has been associated with bovine abortion. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of diet containing 5% of S. tubulosa pod meal on male and female Wistar rats. Diet was administered to male rats (n = 10) for 60 days before mating. Female rats (n = 10) received the treatment for 30 days, during cohabitation and from gestational day (GD) 0 to GD20. Treated animals were mated with untreated rats. In male rats, plant consumption caused decreased food consumption and 20% fertility index reduction. Litters from treated males presented lower body weight and crown–rump length. Female rats treated with the plant increased water and food intake and body weight. Decreases in fertility, fecundity and gestation indices and increase of placenta weight and mean number of corpora lutea were found. Thus, owing to the possible general and reproductive toxic effects, long-term consumption of S. tubulosa is not recommended for phytotherapic or food purposes.

The industrial manufacturing of natural products for veterinary use represents a major weakness in the veterinary sector despite increased interest and the traditional ancestral knowledge that supports them. A cross-sectional, descriptive observational study was conducted to characterize the veterinary herbal products marketed worldwide during 2018 and 2019. A comprehensive thematic search limited to the 2018-2019 period was performed in the ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, and Academic Search Complete databases. The investigation identified 487 products registered in the global market manufactured by 54 companies, led by India, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The market segments of animal production and phytomedicines were dominant with 73.7% and 53.0% of products, respectively. Cattle (22.2%), sheep-goats (16.2%), and canines (16.2%) were the most favored species. The most represented therapeutic indications were those intended to treat gastrointestinal disorders (30.47%), antimicrobials (16.66%), and antiparasitic agents (10.47%). The families Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae, and Rutaceae stood out because of their frequent use, encompassing 35.0% of the 137 declared species. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and Withania somnifera (Lin) Dunal were the most important species. Oral formulations for internal use (72%) and liquids (51%) in 100 mL, 500 mL, and 1 L presentations showed the highest prevalence on the market. The global market for veterinary herbal products during the 2018-2019 period was relevant in the productive and medical animal sector. No differences were found between medicinal plant species used to formulate herbal products for human and animal use.

Copaifera langsdorffii is a Brazilian native plant that is used for wound healing or as an anti-inflammatory agent. Non-healing wounds are an important health problem, particularly in horses, because they can cause the animal invalidity or even lead to death. In addition, horses respond to skin wounds with chronic inflammatory response and intense wound granulation, thereby delaying the healing process. By this way, our aim was to evaluate the healing potential of Copaifera langsdorffii hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and oil-resin creams (OR) in horse skin wounds. Four wounds were performed bilaterally in the lumbar region of six horses with a 2 cm punch and treated daily with the respective treatments: saline solution, vehicle, 10% HE creams or 10% OR cream. Daily planimetry analyses were performed to measure the wound area and clinical parameters. In four different experimental periods (3, 7, 14 and 21 d), wound biopsies were removed and used for microscopic analyses. SS wounds presented a significant small area at day 3 and 7, OR wounds presented significant small area in comparison with HE at 14 d, and no significant difference was observed between treatments at 21 d. A better microscopic and clinical healing activity of HE and OR was identified in comparison with the controls. The OR group showed better healing quality, specifically after 7 d of treatment. Therefore, Copaifera langsdorffii formulations demonstrated their wound healing potential in horse skin lesions, exhibiting an improvement of the macro- and microscopic parameters.

Studying of topical-product-induced irritation properties of pharmaceutical forms elecampane (Inula helenium) (herbal infusion, tincture, liquid and dry extracts) on skin integuments and conjunctiva of experimental animals (Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rabbits (Oryctolagus), sheep and piglets). Research results showed that the preparative forms of elecampane had poorly expressed irritating properties after application on the skin of animals, as well as weak irritating action with the exception of the native forms of tincture and liquid extract of eye conjunctiva, that proved their total low toxic effect. Topical-product-induced irritation effect of herbal infusion (1:10), tincture and liquid extract in constitution (40 % concentration) and suspension of dry extract in strength of 10%, 15%, and 20% after the single application on skin could be referred to the I class – absence of irritating action. Topical-product-induced irritation effect of herbal infusion and liquid extract in native form (70% concentration) could be referred to the II class – light irritating action. Irritating activity of herbal infusion of eye conjunctiva was evaluated as light, as it was insignificant and short. Irritating action of suspended matter of dry extract in strength of 10%, 15%, and 20% was estimated as a limited one, which disappeared in 24 hours. Irritating action of tincture and liquid extract in constitution (40 % concentration) was evaluated as a high-grade one, which did not disappear in 24 hours. Irritating action of tincture and liquid extract in native form (70 % concentration) was evaluated as a pronounced one, which did not disappear for than 24 hours

Investigation of acute and subacute toxicity of formulations of elecampane (Inula helenium) (herbal infusion, tincture, liquid and dry extracts) by the example of experimental white mice of both sexes ( body weight - 18-20 g) and white rats (body weight - 180-200 g) was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. In course of studies there were analyzed behavior (excitation or depression), physical activity, habitus, appetite, degree of reaction revelation to exogenous irritants, presence of shivering, cramps, paresis, comatose state, time and character of intoxication, dates of animal death). Results of the toxicological experiments showed that the developed preparative forms of elecampane could be referred to the substance hazard category 4, i.e. low-hazardous substances (lethal dose (LD) sub(50) more than 5000 mg/kg live weight). Median lethal dose of tincture was 14043 mg/kg for mice and 12684 mg/kg for rats. Median lethal dose of liquid extract was 13230 mg/kg for mice and 12285 mg/kg for rats

Due to Herbal medicine it is possible to use cheap and ecological clean preparation. Studied medicinal forms of wormwood bitter (the wormwood bitter extract, fluid extract, Artemizitan) in therapeutic dose stimulate the factors of natural resistance beside animals. Results of studying of lysozyme activity in blood serum have shown that preparations of wormwood bitter have caused authentic increase of this indicator in comparison with control animals, both in pigs, and at sheep. Bactericidal activity of blood serum was authentically more than in control group, both at pigs, and at sheep after introduction of infusion of wormwood bitter. Studying of influence of wormwood bitter on phagocytosis indicators has shown, that all medicinal forms of plant have made stimulating impact on phagocytal activity of neutrophils and phagocytal number both in experiences on pigs, and on sheep. Artemitizan has caused authentic increase and phagocytal index. Thus, the research will be coordinated with literary data, that preparations of wormwood bitter make stimulating impact on indicators of natural resistance of animal blood | Благодаря фитотерапии возможно использование дешевых и экологически чистых препаратов. Изученные лекарственные формы полыни горькой (настой полыни горькой, жидкий экстракт полыни горькой, артемизитан) в терапевтических дозах стимулируют показатели естественной резистентности у животных. Результаты изучения лизоцимной активности в сыворотке крови показали, что препараты полыни горькой вызвали достоверное повышение этого показателя по сравнению с контрольными животными, как у свиней, так и у овец. Бактерицидная активность сыворотки крови была достоверно больше, чем в контрольной группе, как у свиней, так и у овец после введения настоя полыни горькой. Изучение влияния полыни горькой на показатели фагоцитоза показало, что все лекарственные формы растения оказали стимулирующее влияние на фагоцитарную активность нейтрофилов и фагоцитарное число как в опытах на свиньях, так и на овцах. Артемизитан вызвал достоверное повышение и фагоцитарного индекса. Таким образом, наши исследования согласуются с литературными данными, что препараты полыни горькой оказывают стимулирующее влияние на показатели естественной резистентности крови животных