The objectives of the present study were to determine the infection rate of equine piroplasmosis (EP) in horses and ponies in Kelantan,Malaysia and compare the microscopic examination with competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) test as methods for diagnosis of EP. 306 blood samples were randomly collected from equids including 148 horses and 158 ponies in various districts of Kelantan, from September 2013 to March 2014. Based on microscopic examination of the staining blood smears, the infection rates ofTheileria equi, Babesia caballi and of both infections in horses were 19.59%, 25% and 8.78% respectively, whereas in ponies theinfection rates were 14.55%, 19.62%, and 5.69% respectively. Based on cELISA test, the infection rates of T. equi, B. caballi and of both infections in horses were 50.67%, 62.16% and 33.10% respectively,whereas in ponies, the infection rates were 51.89%, 63.92% and 35.44% respectively. No significant difference were observed between equids species associated with a seroprevalence of T. equi, B. caballi andof both infections (P≤ 0.05). According to the Kappa value there was no compatibility between microscopic examination and cELISA on the diagnosis of T. equi, B. caballi and of both infections which were 0.235, 0.013 and 0.080 respectively. In conclusion, the current results for this research work indicate that equine piroplasmosis is widespread in Kelantan, Malaysia and cELISA test is more efficientthan microscopic examination for diagnosis of EP.

The equine species, which includes donkeys, mules, horses, and ponies, have made major contributions to human civilizations all throughout the world. The Indian livestock sector, after an initial decline in period from 2007 - 2012, staged a remarkable comeback during the period from 2012-2019 with an impressive overall growth rate of 4.8%. However, the total population of horses, ponies, mules and donkeys in India is 0.55 million as per the latest livestock census, a decrease by 51.9% over the previous livestock census (2012). The ‘decreasing utility’ due to increasing vehicles and urbanization has been considered as factors for the drastic dip in population. This paper, based on secondary data, aims to provide a concise summary of the current status, growth rate, distribution patterns, and factors leading to the decline in the population of working equines in India. Tabular presentations and graphical representations have been utilized for easy analysis and comparison of population trends across different years.

Study of peculiar features of protein metabolism of healthy colts in the first three months of life was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Research results showed that there was a tendency of increasing of hemoglobin concentration up to 150,270+/- 4,73 g/l, number of total protein of blood serum – up to 60,33 +/- 1,33 g/l, and the decreasing of uric acid up to 97,33 +/- 10,72 micromole /l. Quantity of beta-1 and alpha globulin fractions of serum protein fluctuated a little – from 10,78 +/- 3,69% up to 8,44 +/- 1,24% and from 25,12 +/- 4,84% up to 22,06 +/- 4,93%, respectively. The most essential changes of protein metabolism were stated at two month old colts, which had urea concentration of 5,25 +/- 0,23 micromole/l, alanine aminotransferase activity – 66,92 +/- 3,16 units/l, creatine content increased up to 77,37 +/- 5,83 micromole /l; and there was the lowering of aspartate transaminase level up t159,5 +/- 8,1units/l. There was stated the lowering of albumin quantity up to 32,07 +/- 2,19%, and increasing of alpha-1, alpha2- and beta2- globulin fractions up to 7,52 +/- 1,23%, 14,98 +/- 1,41%, 11,82 +/- 1,04%, respectively. At the age of three months the quantity of urea and creatinine in blood serum of colts remained at the same level, alanine aminotransferase activity decreased on 21,56%, and aspartate transaminase increased up to 204,33 +/- 10,37 units/l. At this period the quantity of albumin fractions was 44,56 +/- 6,59%., concentration of alpha-1, alpha2- and beta2- globulins decreased on 10,64%, 30,04% and 34,52%, respectively