In this study, it was aimed to explain the rehabilitation of streams, rivers and fish and the data obtained from the world and our country, as wellas on-site observations and photographs taken as a result of comparative analysis and conclusions and recommendations have been made. DSİ,Ministry of Forestry and Water Works, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, Ministry of Environment and Forestryare in charge of stream improvement works in our country. It has seen that the river improvement work started with good intentions but thewrong projects made negatively affect the natural habitats, aquatic plant and animal communities, especially fish. They have lost their originalform and functions to make for humanity fever. It was determined that the projects were planned in such a way that the negative effects of thedelirium were reduced and the nature and wildlife were ignored so as to prevent the loss of soil. Consequently, changes could lead to loss thatwould not be recycled if it does not take due precautions.

In 2014, a total of 16 riverterrapins (Batagur affinis), locally calledtuntung sungai, died due to variouscauses and a post mortem was carriedout. Complete diagnostic evaluationof parasitological and bacteriologicalfindings were recorded. Significantparasitological findings consisted of seventerrapins showing presence of Ascarid(Sulcascaris sulcata) and Strongyle(Oesophagostomum sp.) worms in the gutcontents. Strongyle and strongyloides eggswere detected using McMaster’s method onfaeces of 12 terrapins. Bacterial culturesfrom organs indicated the presence ofE. Coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus chromogenes, Aeromonashydrophila (4+) dan E.Coli (4+). Thisindicates that common parasites andbacteria are important in the conservationprogrammes for river terrapins andmeasures to curb the infection is highlyrecommended. Continuous data collectionwill enable its management and assessmentin control programmes for a more effectiveconservation programmes.

The study determined the types of pesticide/herbicide pollutants in water, sediment and fish from the Kafue River. A preliminary investigation of the oxidative stress from these pesticides/herbicides was also assessed by measurement of catalase activity. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected upstream, midstream and downstream the Kafue river in Chingola, Kitwe, Kafue National Park and Kafue Town. Water, sediment and fish muscle were sampled and analysed for pesticides using Gas chromatography. For catalase activity fish liver samples only were examined. The pesticides/herbicides detected in all samples collectively included: Heptachlor, pp'-DDE, Cypermethrin, Chlordane, Toxaphene, Terbufos, Kelthane, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, pp'-DDD, pp'-DDT, Atrazine, Disulfoton, d-trans-Allethrin and Endrin. On the other hand, catalase activity was detected in all fish liver samples from all sites. Its levels increased significantly from Chingola upstream to sites down-stream with highest being in Kafue town. This study therefore, demonstrates that there is widespread contamination of the Kafue River with pesticides/herbicides. It also demonstrates that organochlorides are found throughout the river especially in fish samples. The spectrum of pesticides/herbicides was much wider in fish probably due to bioaccumulation. It was also observed that fish are subjected to oxidative stress as determined by catalase levels. The stress is more pronounced downstream where the catalase levels were significantly higher than Chingola. The observation that more pesticide varieties are also found downstream may suggest a likely causative effect of the pesticides on oxidative stress although this needs further investigation. This study further tentatively highlights the potential dangers of these agro-related substances to dependants of the Kafue River water body and the need to carry out risk assessments and thereafter institute corrective measures to help reduce contamination and adverse effects.