We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating infection with Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in splenectomized horses with experimentally induced acute infection. When administered at the rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight, IV, 4 times at 48-hour intervals, buparvaquone prompted rapid abatement of parasitemia. However, secondary and tertiary recrudescent parasitemias invariably returned with establishment of the carrier state. Buparvaquone, at the dosage evaluated, had transitory therapeutic efficacy against acute B equi infection in splenectomized horses, but was unable alone to clear carrier infection.

A 16-year-old, 7.4 kg, castrated male Cocker Spaniel presenting anorexia and weight loss was referred due to a splenic mass, and total splenectomy was performed to resolve clinical signs. Following surgery, the dog developed mild hyperkalemia (6.27 mmol/L) without any clinical symptoms. Further investigations were conducted to determine the cause of hyperkalemia. The serum-plasma potassium difference was measured (1.05 mmol/L), and pseudohyperkalemia was diagnosed. The cause of pseudohyperkalemia was considered as thrombocytosis after splenectomy. The dog did not receive any specific treatment to lower blood potassium. To our knowledge, we report the first case of post-splenectomy pseudohyperkalemia in a dog.

Sixty-eight cattle under general anesthesia were splenectomized. The transthoracic approach was used to provide better access to the spleen and to facilitate ligature of the major splenic vessels. The procedure was easier and less time-consuming, compared with other surgical approaches, and is considered to be less stressful to the animals. Postoperative recovery was complete in 67 of 68 cattle. After surgery, 1 animal developed respiratory tract disease that was thought to have been unrelated to the surgery.

We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in experimentally infected splenectomized ponies. When administered at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight, IM, 4 times at 96-hour intervals, buparvaquone was effective in eliminating B equi carrier infection in 1 horse. Such results could not be repeated at the same dosage or at 3.5 or 5 mg/kg, IM. Buparvaquone given at the rate of 4 to 6 mg/kg IV and/or IM was therapeutically effective in 4 of 5 acute B equi infections in splenectomized ponies. The treated ponies became carriers.

Large increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures of exercising healthy ponies have been observed. Because exercise causes a considerable increase in PCV of ponies, we examined the effect of splenectomy on exercise-induced changes in systemic and pulmonary pressures. These pressures (taken with catheter-tip micromanometers) and indicator dilution cardiac output were determined on 9 healthy ponies that had undergone splenectomy 4 to 9 weeks before the study. Data obtained at rest and during submaximal (10.5 to 11.0 mph) and maximal (14 to 15 mph) exercise from these ponies were compared with similar data from clinically normal ponies. Following splenectomy, PCV increased by only 4 vol% during maximal exercise, but cardiac output of splenectomized ponies reached values similar to those of clinically normal ponies. Despite this similarity in cardiac output, the systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures of exercising splenectomized ponies increased to significantly lower levels than those in clinically normal ponies (P less than 0.01); total pulmonary vascular resistance and total peripheral resistance decreased to values significantly less than those in clinically normal ponies (P less than 0.01). Thus, it appears that increases in blood viscosity induced by increases in PCV may contribute substantially to the pulmonary and systemic hypertension of exercise in clinically normal ponies.

The 1-host tick Boophilus annulatus was found to transmit anaplasmosis in cattle transstadially. Anaplasma marginale was invariably transmitted when ticks that had been pulled off Anaplasma-infected calves either after 7 days (as fully engorged larvae) or after 14 to 15 days (as fully engorged nymphs) were transferred within 4 days to susceptible calves. Three morphologically different A marginale isolates, 1 round (tailless) and 2 with different types of appendages (tailed) were transmitted by the ticks. These findings might explain the overlap of the geographic distribution of the disease and that of Boophilus spp in some areas of the world.

The infectivity and immunogenicity of Anaplasma marginale grown in a tick cell culture from embryonic Dermacentor variabilis ticks were assessed in splenectomized and intact calves, respectively. Culture 1 consisted of the cell line inoculated with midguts of adult ticks infected with the Mississippi isolate of A marginale and dissected 5 to 10 days after repletion and detachment from an experimentally infected calf. Cultures 2 and 3 consisted of the cell line inoculated with midguts of ticks infected with the Virginia isolate of the organism. Inoculum for culture 2 was derived from nymphal ticks dissected 5 to 10 days after repletion and detachment from the infected calf; inoculum for culture 3 was midguts from adult ticks that were fed as nymphs, allowed to molt in the laboratory and dissected 21 to 24 days after molting. In trial 1, cultures 1, 2, and 3 were maintained at pH 6.9 and incubated at 28 C; in trial 2, cultures 1 and 3 were maintained at pH 7.4 and incubated at either 28 C or 37 C. Cultures 1, 2, and 3 failed to induce infection when injected IV and SC into 6 calves in 2 separate trials. Prechallenge sera from these calves reacted with 2 purified Anaplasma antigens in the ELISA, but failed to react in the complement-fixation test. Results of a trial to use cultures 1 and 3 in combination with an oil-in-water adjuvant to immunize intact calves against A marginale were inconclusive. However, prechallenge sera from immunized calves reacted with the 2 purified Anaplasma initial body antigens in the ELISA but failed to react in the complement-fixation text. When reacted against electrophoretically separated A marginale initial body proteins disrupted by sodium dodecyl sulfate, prechallenge serums from calves used in infectivity and immunization trials reacted with a majority of the antigens precipitated by an animal experimentally infected by inoculation of infected blood. This offers additional evidence that A marginale was maintained in the tick culture for up to 11 months and that the organism in culture antigens similar, if not identical, to the erythrocytic stage of the rickettsial agent. The importance of the laboratory culture of A marginale is discussed.

Dermacentor andersoni, transmission of Anaplasma marginale to splenectomized calves by injection of gut homogenates from incubated vs. non-incubated adult ticks