Four virgin heifers were experimentally inoculated intravaginally with 7 X 10(6) Tritrichomonas foetus, and 2 heifers served as uninfected controls. The durations of infection were 13, 20, 21, and 28 weeks, respectively. An ELISA that used whole T foetus antigen was used to detect anti-T foetus immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM) in vaginal, cervical, and uterine secretions, and sera during the course of infection. The vaginal and cervical antibody responses were characterized by significantly increased T foetus-specific IgA and IgG1 at 7 to 9 weeks of infection, whereas uterine IgA and IgG1 responses peaked at 10 to 12 weeks. The antibody response in serum was predominantly of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. In all reproductive tract regions, IgA persisted at least until the time of T foetus clearance, and usually longer. The next most persistent isotype was IgG1, lasting longest in the vagina, then cervix, and for the shortest time in the uterus. In local secretions, IgG2 was seen only transiently, increasing at weeks 13 to 15 in the vagina, and at weeks 10 to 12 in the cervix. Little IgM, relative to that present before infection, was detected in any secretion or serum, although cervical secretions had the greatest amount. Eight to 12 weeks after clearance, the 4 experimental heifers were inoculated intravaginally with 1 x 10(5) T foetus, transient infections (2 to 3 weeks' duration) were established in only 2 of 4 heifers, as determined by culturing of reproductive tract secretions. The lag times of antibody responses during this reinfection were shorter than in the initial infection, and ELISA optical densities were at least as high as during the primary infection, suggesting an anamnestic response.

Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora was studied in 5 healthy bitches before, during, and after a 10-day period of treatment with ampicillin and an equally long period of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Blood variables and antimicrobial drug susceptibility also were studied. Bacteria were isolated from all bitches before the first treatment period. Bitches from which only a sparse number of bacteria were isolated had flora that varied from day to day. In most instances when bitches were given an antibiotic to which their vaginal bacterial flora was susceptible, these bacteria were eradicated after only 1 day of treatment. This was true for pasteurellae, streptococci, and, in all but one case, Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus intermedius was more difficult to eradicate, and, although susceptible in vitro, it was unaffected by antibiotic treatment in 1 bitch and it took 7 days to eradicate in another. Eradication of aerobic bacteria in the vagina was total only in the bitch that had sparse flora from the beginning. Bacteria colonized within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 4 days after termination of treatment with ampicillin and within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 3 days for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Mycoplasmas emerged during and after both treatment periods, and E coli became apparent during treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Because mycoplasmas may be genital pathogens in bitches and E coli is a common uropathogen, their appearance should be an argument against widespread use of antibiotics in healthy breeding bitches. Two bitches developed a vaginal discharge during treatment or shortly after. Blood variables did not change during the study, nor did antimicrobial drug resistance of the isolated bacteria.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the vitamins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and minerals in the supplement Toryum administered before and during oestrus synchronisation on some fertility parameters of ewes during the non-breeding season. The experimental animals were clinically healthy Pirlak ewes, 55–75 days postpartum, aged 2–4 years and weighing 40–50 kg. A sponge was inserted into the vagina for 10 d (G1, n = 30; G2, n = 30) or 14 d (G3, n = 30; G4, n = 30) for oestrus synchronisation, and on the day of removal, 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin was injected. Toryum soft capsules were administered individually (1 capsule/ewe p.o.) to G1 and G3 ewes seven days before the sponge was inserted and on the day it was removed. Oestrus detection was started 12 h after sponge removal. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography on the 30ᵗʰ day after mating. The pregnancy rate was statistically different between G1 and G4 (P < 0.05). The onset of oestrus was statistically different (P < 0.001) between the 10-d groups (G1 and G2) and the 14-d groups (G3 and G4). The litter size and oestrus, conception, lambing, multiple birth, and survival rates were not significantly different between the groups (P > 0.05). Toryum administered to Pirlak ewes during progesterone-based oestrus synchronisation protocols during the non-breeding season may increase pregnancy rates. The relationship between Toryum and fertility parameters in ewes would be better understood by comprehensive studies.

Introduction: The ovarian follicular dynamics, vaginal electrical resistance (VER), progesterone (P4) and oestrogen (E2) profiles were investigated during the oestrous cycle in four indigenous ewes. Material and Methods: Daily VER values were recorded with a heat detector. The follicles were observed and measured by trans-rectal ultrasonography. Blood was collected daily for hormonal profiles. Results: A significant variation in VER values (P < 0.05) in oestrus by ewes and position in the sequence of cycles was observed. Trans-rectal ultrasonography of ovaries revealed the presence of 2–4 waves of follicular growth. Study of hormonal profiles by ELISA revealed a positive correlation between E2 concentration and development of follicles and a negative correlation between P4 concentration and their development. The concentrations of oestradiol increased in oestrus and then decreased to a basal level. Follicular growth was accompanied by a rise in the concentration of serum oestradiol. Inversely, when follicles received the stimulation for ovulation, concentration of progesterone started to fall, but after ovulation, it climbed back to its peak and remained at this state until next ovulatory follicle reached its maximum diameter. Conclusion: This study could help to set up a manipulative reproductive technique for improving genetic values in indigenous sheep.

The reproductive tracts have an intimate relationship with reproduction because there are bacterial communities that can affect reproductive health. The differences in the bacterial community of periparturient dairy cows were investigated. Vaginal and fecal samples were collected seven days before and after calving, and DNA was extracted to sequence the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. In the postpartum vaginas, operational taxonomic units, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson were decreased, and phyla Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes were increased. In summary, bacterial abundance can affect the periparturient biological differences in dairy cows, suggesting a susceptibility to infection within one week after calving.

Pregnant sows, immune against pseudorabies after vaccination, were inoculated at 70 days of gestation either with autologous blood mononuclear cells that had been infected in vitro with pseudorabies virus (PRV) or with cell-free PRV. The infected cells or cell-free PRV were inoculated surgically into the arteria uterina. Eight sows (A to H) had been vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. The titer of seroneutralizing antibodies in their serum varied between 12 and 48. Five sows (A to E) were inoculated with autologous mononuclear cells, infected either with a Belgian PRV field strain or with the Northern Ireland PRV strain NIA. These 5 sows aborted their fetuses: 2 of them (B and C) 3 days after inoculation, and the other 3 (A, D, and E) 10, 11, and 12 days after inoculation, respectively. Sows F, G, and H were inoculated with a cell-free PRV field strain. They farrowed healthy Utters after normal gestation. Neutralizing antibodies were absent against PRV in the sera of the newborn pigs, which were obtained prior to the uptake of colostrum. The 23 fetuses that were aborted in sows B and C 3 days after the inoculation were homogeneous in appearance and size. Foci of necrosis were not detected in the liver. Viral antigens were located by immunofluorescence in individual cells in lungs, liver, and spleen of 15 fetuses. Virus was isolated from the liver, lungs, or body fluids of 12 fetuses. The 39 fetuses that were aborted in sows A, D, and E between 10 and 12 days after inoculation were of 2 types: 17 were mummified and 22 were normal-appearing. Foci of necrosis were found in the liver of all mummified fetuses and 13 of the normal-appearing fetuses. In fetuses with foci of necrosis in the liver, viral antigens were located in groups of cells in the liver, lungs, and spleen. Virus was isolated from 16 normal-appearing fetuses and from 11 mummified fetuses. Pseudorabies virus was isolated from vaginal excretions of sows A and D until 1 and 2 days after abortion, respectively, and of sows B and C until 4 and 5 days after abortion, respectively. Virus was not isolated from sow E. It was concluded that PRV can reach the uterine and fetal tissues, via infected mononuclear cells, in the presence of circulating antibodies induced on vaccination. This cell-associated spread led to abortion. Cell-free virus did not induce abortion under similar circumstances.

The Cooper isolate of bovine herpesvirus-1, which causes abortion in cattle, was used to construct a thymidine kinase-negative (TK-) deletion mutant virus. Twelve heifers were inoculated IV at 25 to 29 weeks of pregnancy with either TK- or thymidine kinase-positive (TK+) Cooper virus. All heifers developed fevers of 1 to 2 C during the first week after inoculation. Temperatures of TK+ inoculates were slightly higher and remained above normal a few days longer than in TK- inoculates. Viremia was detected in 5 of 6 TK+ inoculates and in all 6 TK- inoculates. More virus isolations were made from nasal and vaginal swab specimens of TK+ inoculates than from swab specimens of TK- inoculates. All heifers developed virus neutralizing antibody within 14 days after inoculation and antibody titers were similar between the 2 groups. None of the TK- inoculated heifers aborted and their calves did not have neutralizing antibody at birth. Abortion occurred in 5 of 6 heifers given TK+ virus. All aborted fetuses were infected with bovine herpesvirus-1, as demonstrated by virus isolation or detection of viral antigen in fetal tissues. These results indicate that inactivation of the TK gene reduces abortifacient activity of bovine herpesvirus-1.

Objective-To compare the urodynamic and morphologic effects of the administration of estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine on the lower portion of the urogenital tract in female dogs. Animals-3 sexually intact and 3 spayed female Beagles without urinary incontinence. Procedure-Dogs received estriol (2 mg, PO) once daily for 7 days followed by estriol (2 mg, PO) and phenylpropanolamine (1.5 mg/kg, PO) once daily for 7 days. Urethral pressure profilometry, diuresis cystometry, and vaginourethrography were performed before treatment (day 0) and at days 7 and 14. The maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and closure pressure (MUCP), urethral functional and anatomic profile lengths, integrated pressure (IP), plateau, distance before MUP, maximum meatus pressure, threshold pressure, threshold volume, compliance, urethral length, and vaginal length and width were measured. Results-Before treatment, no urodynamic differences were observed between the 2 groups; however, vaginal length and width were significantly shorter in spayed dogs. Compared with day 0 values, estriol treatment significantly increased MUP, MUCP, and IP values at day 7, but at day 14, this effect decreased despite phenylpropanolamine administration. No morphologic changes from baseline were detected after either treatment in any dog. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Data suggest that estriol mainly acts on the urethral sphincter mechanism by increasing urethral resistance in sexually intact and spayed female dogs without urinary incontinence. Administration of estriol and phenylpropanolamine did not increase the urethral resistance more than estriol alone. The urodynamic effects of estriol in female dogs with urinary incontinence remain to be elucidated.

Thirty-five heifers were allotted to 3 groups. Group 1 (contro]) consisted of 10 heifers that were not vaccinated and were challenge exposed by breeding to infected bulls. Group 7 (natural challenge exposure) consisted of 10 heifers that were vaccinated and challenge exposed by breeding to infected bulls. Group 3 (experimental challenge exposure) consisted of 15 heifers that were vaccinated and challenge exposed by breeding to infected bulls and by intravaginal inoculation with 10(7) Tritrichomonas foetus. Total immunoglobulin concentrations and specific trichomonal antibodies were determined in serum and vaginal secretions of heifers, using radial immunodiffusion and ELISA procedures. Control heifers remained infected for a mean of 10.6 weeks (range, 0 to 18 weeks), and heifers of the natural and experimental challenge-exposure groups remained infected for 3.2 and 5.0 weeks, respectively (range, 0 to 12 weeks). Total serum and cervicovaginal mucus concentrations of IgM, IgA, IgG1, and IgG2 did not change significantly after vaccination or challenge exposure. However, ELISA titers of total trichomonal antibodies increased up to 1:10,000 (range, 1:400 to 1:10,000) in serum after vaccination, and increased approximately tenfold above background in cervicovaginal mucus. In serum, the predominant trichomonal antibody isotype was IgG1, although trichomonal IgA and IgM antibodies also increased. The predominant trichomonal antibody detected in cervicovaginal mucus was IgA. Antibody titers in serum and cervicovaginal mucus of vaccinated heifers were not increased by infection. However, in control heifers, the total local trichomonal antibody response increased three- to fivefold after infection. In these heifers, specific antibodies in serum were predominantly IgG1 and local (cervicovaginal) antibodies were predominantly IgA.

Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora was studied in 5 healthy bitches before, during, and after a 10-day period of treatment with ampicillin and an equally long period of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Blood variables and antimicrobial drug susceptibility also were studied. Bacteria were isolated from all bitches before the first treatment period. Bitches from which only a sparse number of bacteria were isolated had flora that varied from day to day. In most instances when bitches were given an antibiotic to which their vaginal bacterial flora was susceptible, these bacteria were eradicated after only 1 day of treatment. This was true for pasteurellae, streptococci, and, in all but one case, Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus intermedius was more difficult to eradicate, and, although susceptible in vitro, it was unaffected by antibiotic treatment in 1 bitch and it took 7 days to eradicate in another. Eradication of aerobic bacteria in the vagina was total only in the bitch that had sparse flora from the beginning. Bacteria colonized within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 4 days after termination of treatment with ampicillin and within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 3 days for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Mycoplasmas emerged during and after both treatment periods, and E coli became apparent during treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Because mycoplasmas may be genital pathogens in bitches and E coli is a common uropathogen, their appearance should be an argument against widespread use of antibiotics in healthy breeding bitches. Two bitches developed a vaginal discharge during treatment or shortly after. Blood variables did not change during the study, nor did antimicrobial drug resistance of the isolated bacteria.