Recordings of visual-evoked potentials that were induced by flashes of white light were obtained from 13 Beagle pups to document the development of the response from age 7 to 100 days. Responses were recorded between needle electrodes placed on the nuchal crest and the interorbital line, with ground at the vertex. Five alternating positive (P) and negative (N) peaks were observed in most visual-evoked potentials: P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. Responses were recorded from 2 pups prior to opening of the eyelids. Recordings were performed without sedation or dark adaptation. Peak latencies were essentially mature (equal to those of adult dogs) by day 11 for P1, and by day 38 for N1, and P2. The latencies to N2 and P3 did not reach adult values by day 100, but did reach plateau values by day 43. The P1-N1, amplitude measurements reached mature levels by day 14, whereas N1-P2 amplitudes were mature by day 32. The P2-N2 and N2-P3 amplitudes reached plateaus that greatly exceeded adult amplitudes by days 50 and 58, respectively. Maturation of visual-evoked potential responses paralleled reported morphologic development of the visual cortex. All of the measured latency and amplitude values had significant (P less than or equal to 0.004) linear regression lines of latency vs age or amplitude vs age.

Electroretinogram (ERG) and visual-evoked potential (VEP) recordings were taken from ten Suffolk-cross sheep. Stimuli for VEP were 1.5 flashes of white light/s; ERG stimuli were single flashes. The ERG measurements of the a and b wave latencies and a-to-b amplitude were measured between the lower eyelid and the vertex, with ground on the nuchal crest. The VEP after monocular stimulation were measured between the nuchal crest and the interorbital line, with ground on the vertex. Measurements consisted of the latencies to seven alternating positive and negative peaks P1, N1 P2, N2, P3, N3 and P4, and six amplitudes, P1-N1, N1-P2, P2-N2, N2-P3, P3-N3 and N3-P4. Average latencies for the a and b waves were 13.6 and 28.2 ms; the mean ab amplitude was 131.68 micromole. Average latencies for the seven VEP peaks were 35.0, 43.1, 52.8, 64.1, 74.5, 90.4 and 112.2 ms. Mean amplitudes ranged from 3.90 to 8.29 microV.

Objective: To determine whether butorphanol induces thermal antinociception in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and assess the human observer effect on quantitative evaluation of butorphanol-induced analgesia. Animals: 6 juvenile green iguanas. Procedures: Skin temperature was recorded, and then a direct increasing heat stimulus was applied to the lateral aspect of the tail base of each iguana. Temperature of the stimulus at which the iguana responded (thermal threshold) was measured before and for 8 hours after IM injection of either butorphanol tartrate (1.0 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Six experiments (butorphanol [n = 3] and saline solution [3]) were conducted with the observer in the iguanas' field of vision, and 11 experiments (butorphanol [n = 5] and saline solution [6]) were conducted with the observer hidden from their view. The interval between treatments or tests was ≥ 1 month. Results: Temperature difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature when iguanas were administered saline solution did not differ from temperature difference when iguanas were administered butorphanol regardless of whether the observer was or was not visible. Temperature difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature was significantly lower when iguanas were tested without the observer in visual range, compared with the findings obtained when iguanas were tested with an observer in view, at multiple times after either treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Intramuscular administration of 1.0 mg of butorphanol/kg did not induce thermal antinociception in juvenile green iguanas. The visible presence of an observer appeared to influence the results of noxious stimulus testing in this reptile species.

Recordings of visual-evoked potentials that were induced by flashes of white light were obtained from 13 Beagle pups to document the development of the response from age 7 to 100 days. Responses were recorded between needle electrodes placed on the nuchal crest and the interorbital line, with ground at the vertex. Five alternating positive (P) and negative (N) peaks were observed in most visual-evoked potentials: P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. Responses were recorded from 2 pups prior to opening of the eyelids. Recordings were performed without sedation or dark adaptation. Peak latencies were essentially mature (equal to those of adult dogs) by day 11 for P1, and by day 38 for N1, and P2. The latencies to N2 and P3 did not reach adult values by day 100, but did reach plateau values by day 43. The P1-N1, amplitude measurements reached mature levels by day 14, whereas N1-P2 amplitudes were mature by day 32. The P2-N2 and N2-P3 amplitudes reached plateaus that greatly exceeded adult amplitudes by days 50 and 58, respectively. Maturation of visual-evoked potential responses paralleled reported morphologic development of the visual cortex. All of the measured latency and amplitude values had significant (P less than or equal to 0.004) linear regression lines of latency vs age or amplitude vs age.