In order to study the marked variation of red blood cell sedimentation rate in some species of animals, the packed cell volume, volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood, was reshuffled of 20%, 40% and 60% using heteroplasma of chicken and goat, and the red blood cell sedimentation rate was measured in Westergren tubes at 27+-1 deg C and 8+-1 deg C. The values of packed cell volume (PCV) of goat and chicken were 40.7+-4.1% and 30.2+-2.2% respectively. The sedimentation rates of reshuffled red blood cell were settled faster at lower PCV than higher PCV, i.e. there was a reverse relationship between the sedimention rate and PCV. Red blood cells of chicken settled quickly, where as those of goat settled very slowly. Chicken red blood cell sedimented rapidly even in goat plasma, and goat red blood cell sedimented slowly in chicken plasma. These findings indicate that the plasma is not the only factor determining the rapid red blood cell sedimentation rate of chicken. The sedimentation rate of reshuffled red blood cell of chicken and goat were accelerated at higher temperature than lower temperature.

Sunset Yellow FCF (SY), used frequently in ready-made foods, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry, may cause many health problems. This study is intended to evaluate the morphological and cellular effects of SY on the embryonic chicken immune system throughout incubation. Babcock white leghorn eggs were randomly divided into four groups. Besides a control group, there were three treatment groups which received a single injection of 200, 1,000, or 2,000 ng of SY into the air sac just before incubation. The eggs were opened on the 10ᵗʰ, 13ᵗʰ, 16ᵗʰ, and 21ˢᵗ days of incubation. Samples of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were taken from embryos. Serial sections of 5 μm thickness were stained with histological methods and routine histological procedures were performed. An increase in the spleen volume was determined as the hatching time of the chicks approached. The highest eosinophil ratio was found in the SY₁,₀₀₀ and SY₂,₀₀₀ groups (P < 0.05), where the most significant change was developmental retardation in the thymus. In the bursa of Fabricius, there was less lymphocyte accumulation and eosinophilic cell infiltration with increasing doses. It was concluded that in ovo administered SY has undesired effects on embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus, and on spleen volume.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the endocrine and immune responses of steers challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). For the study, twelve crossbred beef steers weighing approximately 228.82 kg were fitted with indwelling rectal temperature monitoring devices and randomly assigned to a Control (CON) or IBRV treatments. Immune challenged steers received an intra-nasal dose of IBRV (4 ml total volume; 2ml/nostril) and CON steers received an intra-nasal dose of saline (2 ml/nostril). On day 0, steers were challenged and placed into isolated paddocks. At 72 hours post-inoculation, steers were fitted with indwelling jugular catheters and placed into individual stanchions. Blood samples were intensively collected on days 4 through 8 post-inoculation. Serum was analyzed for cortisol, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1. On day 2, IBRV challenged steers had increased rectal temperature compared to CON steers (P < 0.05); the greatest rectal temperatures were observed on day 4, after which rectal temperatures returned to baseline by day 6. Serum concentrations of cortisol, interferon-gamma, and growth hormone exhibited a similar response pattern increasing by day 2 for the IBRV challenged steers, with the greatest increases observed on day 4, and subsiding on day 6. There was a decrease (P = 0.04) in growth hormone production in IBRV challenged steers, but no difference in insulin-like growth factor-1. Collectively, the data revealed that alterations in the somatotrophic axis were not associated with large increases in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results suggest that the dose of the virus used in the present study, while sufficient to elicit a febrile response, was not enough to elicit a robust pro-inflammatory immune response.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was analyzed in healthy horses, using different lavage fluid volumes and lung sites. The only significant difference in the cellular composition of BAL fluid between the right and left lungs was the mast cell numbers, which were significantly higher in the left lung. Total cell count ranged from 34 to 330 cells/microliter for the right lung and 43 to 330 cells/microliter for the left lung. Percentage of neutrophils ranged from 1 to 7% in the right lung and 1 to 5% in the left lung. The small-volume (50 ml) lavage had a greater percentage of neutrophils and a lesser percentage of mast cells in the large-volume (350 ml) lavage. Statistical difference in the composition of BAL fluid recovered was not detected between the 3 sequential 100-ml lavages and a single 300-ml lavage, except that macrophages were significantly higher in the 3 sequential 100-ml lavages. Values for BAL fluid analysis in healthy horses have varied considerably and this variation is from a failure to adhere to any standard technique for volume of fluid infused.

Twelve resected canine gallbladders (in vitro) and the gallbladder in each of 14 dogs (in vivo) were ultrasonographically examined. Gallbladder volume was calculated from ultrasonographically measured geometric dimensions, using 4 volumetric model formulas: cone, ellipse, biplanar ellipse, and prolate ellipse. Calculated volume was compared with true gallbladder volume, as measured by water displacement. AU examined models for calculation of gallbladder volume were closely associated with true gallbladder volume (P < 0.005), and all models provided accurate predictions of true gallbladder volume (r2 > 0.80). Calculated volumes can be corrected mathematically by use of the regression coefficient and constant for each model. Body weight was not significantly associated with gallbladder volume in any of the models considered. Use of ultrasonography to accurately measure gallbladder volume could be combined with synthetic cholecystokinin-stimulated gallbladder emptying to provide information about biliary function and patency in icteric animals. Such information could aid the clinical decision between surgical or medical treatment. Correction of calculated volumes would not be necessary in association with induced emptying studies, because volume change is more important than absolute volume.

Colostral volume and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in 6 multiparous mares at foaling and then every 2 hours from 16 to 20 hours after parturition. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations at foaling also were determined in each mare. The rate of mammary secretion was 292 +/- 26 ml/h (range, 202 to 389 ml/h), and the colostral volume was 5.1 +/- 0.5 L (range, 3.2 to 7.0 L). The colostral IgG and IgM contents were 440 +/- 106 g (range, 199 to 855 g) and 3.1 +/- 0.9 g (range, 0.7 g to 7.1 g), respectively. There was no significant correlation between serum and initial colostral IgG and IgM concentration or between serum and total colostral IgG or IgM values. The colostral IgG and IgM concentrations at foaling correlated well with the total colostral IgG and IgM contents, respectively. The initial 250 ml of colostrum contained 10 +/- 1.4% (range, 6.0 to 13.9%) and 6 +/- 1.0% (range, 2.4 to 8.5%) of the total IgG and IgM contents, respectively, and the initial 500 ml of colostrum contained 20 +/- 2.7% (range 12.0 to 27.1%) and 14 +/- 1.2% (8.2 to 17%) of the total colostral IgG and IgM contents, respectively.

Nine adult female sheep were each surgically fitted with an Ivan and Johnston reentrant cannula in the cranial part of the duodenum just distal to the pylorus. By diversion (loss) of abomasal outflow, this model has been shown to consistently induce hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, accompanied by hyponatremia and dehydration. Each sheep was subjected to 3 treatment trials, each preceded by a 24-hour prediversion period, and a diversion period during which a syndrome of hypochloremia (68 +/- 2 mEq/L), hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic alkalosis was induced. Development of this syndrome was attributable to losses of large amounts of acid and electrolytes in the abomasal effluent. Mean total electrolyte contents of the effluent were: Cl-, 650 +/- 27 mEq; Na+, 388 +/- 23 mEq; and K+, 123 +/- 12 mEq, with total volume loss ranging from 3.6 to 10.0 L of gastric contents and pH ranging from 3 to 5. Decreases in plasma electrolyte concentrations also can be attributed to decreased intake, because anorexia developed shortly after the onset of diversion. Electrolyte losses in urine during diversion were minimal for Cl-(mean +/- SEM, 12.0 +/- 5.1 mEq), but were greater for Na+ (124.2 +/- 14.5 mEq) and K+ (185.1 +/- 31.2 mEq). Treatments consisted of 0.9% NaCl (300 mosm/ L), 3.6% NaCl (1,200 mosm/L, and 7.2% NaCl (2,400 mosm/L) administered over a 2-hour period, with the administered volume determined by the estimated total extracellular fluid Cl- deficit. Significant difference was not found among treatments, with all solutions resulting in return of clinicopathologic and physical variables to prediversion values within 12 hours of treatment. We concluded that rapid iv replacement of Cl-, with small volumes of hypertonic saline solution, is safe and effective for correction of experimentally induced hypochloremic, hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis in sheep.

An electronic particle counter with attached particlesize analyzer was configured to directly determine concentration, mean cell volume, and volume distribution of erythrocytes in llama blood. Blood from 38 healthy llamas was used to characterize erythrocytic measurements and serum iron values for this species. Volume distribution curves for llama erythrocytes were similar in shape to those of other species. These curves had a unimodal, symmetric shape with a tail skewed to the right. Reference ranges for directly measured mean cell volume, erythrocyte concentration, hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration were 21 to 28 fl, 11.3 X to 17.5 X 10(6) cells/microl, 12.8 to 17.6 g/dl, and 43.2 to 46.6 g/dl, respectively. Reference ranges for serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were determined to be 70 to 148 microg/dl, 230 to 370 micro g/dl, and 22 to 50%, respectively.

The present study was conducted in order to get the normal hematologic values of Korean Jindo dogs. Blood samples were taken from 328 (male 92, female 236) healthy Jindo dogs in Jindo area. The mean values of red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) in the age group of less than one year were 6.77(male 7.44, female 6.76)X10** (6)/ul, 13,14(male 13.53, female 12.99)g/100ml and 43.28(male 44.47, female 42.79)ml/100ml, respectively, whereas the RBC count, Hb content and PCV in the age group of one year and more were 7.42(male 7.44, female 7.42)X10** (6)/ul, 14.98(male 15.56, female 14.76)g/100ml and 47.18(male 48.43, female 46.71)ml/100ml, respectively. The values of RBC count, Hb content and PVC appeared to be higher in the male than in the female and it increased with aging in the age group of less than one year. The mean values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) in the age group of less than one year were 63.93(male 65.40, female 63.30)fl, 19.41(male 19.90, female 19.22) pg and 30.36(male 30.43, female 30.36)g/100ml respectively, whereas the MCV, MCH and MCHC in the age group of one year and more were 63.58(male 65.09, female 62.95)fl, 20.19(male 20.91, female 19.89) pg and 31.75(male 32.13, female31.60)g/100ml respectively. The values of MCV, MCH and MCHC appeared to be higher in the male than in the female. No differences were found in the MCV and MCH between age groups. The MCHC appeared to be higher in older age group. Mean platelet count in the age group of less than one year was 377,391(male 398,778, female 368,721)/ul, whereas mean platelet count in the age group of one year and more was 354,657(male 373,660, female 347,512)/ul. The platelet count appeared to be higher in the male than in the female and especially lower in the age group of three years and more (305,513/ul) than in the other age groups