Technological advances, easily pursued by research on ruminant nutrition, can improve animal production, prevent nutritional disorders, and increase digestibility concomitantly with reducing ingestive discrepancies. This study aimed to investigate the inclusion of crude extract of Croton urucurana (Croton) or essential oils of cashew and castor bean on in vitro and in situ degradability of Tifton 85 hay and metabolic parameters in beef cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Biological Sciences Institute (ICB) and the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Goias, Brazil. The treatments were: Control, Monensin, Croton, and Blend (essential oil composed of cashew and castor bean). We used five replicates to evaluate ruminal parameters and dry matter degradability. Blend increased dry matter degradation, indicating that forage feeds last longer in the rumen and tend to be more degraded with Blend inclusion. The assessments of ad libitum ingestion of dry matter showed that monensin treatment reduced feed intake compared to control and Croton treatments. Our results suggest that the inclusion of Blend improves the degradability of dry matter in the diet and could be a strategy of choice in diets based on low-quality forage. | Os esforços tecnológicos buscados com esforço pelas pesquisas em nutrição de ruminantes são aqueles potencialmente capazes de melhorar a produção animal, prevenir distúrbios nutricionais, aumentar a digestibilidade concomitantemente à redução de discrepâncias ingestivas. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a inclusão de extrato bruto de Croton urucurana Baillon (Croton) ou óleos essenciais de caju e mamona na degradabilidade in vitro e in situ do feno de Tifton 85 e em parâmetros metabólicos em bovinos de corte. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) e Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Brasil. Os tratamentos foram: Controle, Monensina, Croton, Blend (óleo essencial composto de caju e mamona). Foram utilizadas cinco repetições para avaliação dos parâmetros ruminais e degradabilidade da matéria seca. O Blend aumentou a degradação da matéria seca, indicando que a forragem dura mais tempo no rúmen e tende a ser mais degradada com a inclusão do Blend. As avaliações da ingestão ad libitum de matéria seca mostraram que o tratamento com monensina foi capaz de reduzir o consumo de ração quando comparado aos tratamentos controle e Croton. Nossos resultados sugerem que a inclusão do Blend melhora a degradabilidade da matéria seca na dieta e pode ser uma estratégia de escolha em dietas baseadas em forragem de baixa qualidade.

A Brazilian porcupine poxvirus (BPoPV) and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection case in a free-ranging Paraguayan hairydwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) is described. An adult female porcupine was rescued in a peri-urban region ofthe city of São Paulo. It presented poor general condition and multiple erythematous to ulcerated nodules and crustedcutaneous plaques in the face, ear, front and hind limbs, and genital region. Skin lesions and hepatomegaly were themajor gross lesions. Hyperplastic ulcerated epidermis and myxomatous edema in dermis associated with interstitiallymphoplasmocytic and histiocytic infiltrate were the microscopic findings. Multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmicinclusions in keratinocytes of the epidermis and hair follicle, sebocytes, histiocytes, and fibroblasts were observed. Theprotozoan cyst was associated with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and glial nodules in the cerebral cortex. BPoPVinfection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, and T. gondii co-infection was confirmedby molecular investigation. In conclusion, neotropical porcupines are susceptible to co-infection with poxvirus andToxoplasma gondii, and the impact of this interaction needs to be further clarified. | Descreve-se o caso de um ouriço-cacheiro (Coendou spinosus) de vida livre apresentando coinfecção por Brazilianporcupine poxvirus (BPoPV) e Toxoplasma gondii. Uma fêmea adulta foi resgatada em uma região periurbana dacidade de São Paulo. O animal apresentava estado nutricional regular e múltiplos nódulos eritematosos a ulcerados eplacas crostosas em face, pavilhão auricular, focinho e região de membros e genital. As principais lesões macroscópicasforam as lesões de pele e hepatomegalia. Os achados microscópicos foram hiperplasia e ulceração de epiderme e edemamixomatoso em derme, associado com infiltrado intersticial linfoplasmocítico e histiocítico. Havia ainda múltiplasinclusões intracitoplasmáticas eosinofílicas nos queratinócitos da epiderme e nos folículos pilosos, sebócitos, histiócitose fibroblastos. Havia um cisto de protozoário associado com meningoencefalite não-supurativa e nódulos gliais no córtexcerebral. O exame imuno-histoquímico e as análises moleculares confirmaram a infecção por BPoPV e a investigaçãomolecular confirmou a coinfecção com Toxoplasma gondi. Em conclusão, os ouriços-cacheiros neotropicais são suscetíveisa coinfecção por poxvírus e Toxoplasma gondii e os impactos dessa interação necessitam serem melhor esclarecidos.

The margay (Leopardus wiedii) is a small wild feline endemic to Central and South America. Due to increasing habitat fragmentation and human expansion, margays are frequently involved in road traffic accidents, leading to severe traumatic injuries. Effective veterinary intervention is crucial for their rehabilitation and reintroduction into the wild. However, limited literature exists on appropriate anesthetic and surgical management strategies for wild felids. A free-ranging adult female margay (2.3 kg) was admitted with a complete displaced fracture of the right sacral wing, multiple pubis, and ischium fractures. Anesthetic management included premedication with tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg/kg IM) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg IM), induction with propofol (3 mg/kg IV), and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. A sacrococcygeal epidural block (L7-S1) with lidocaine (3 mg/kg) was performed to reduce inhalant anesthetic requirements and enhance analgesia. Physiological parameters remained stable throughout the procedure, and postoperative recovery was uneventful. The patient was discharged to wildlife rehabilitation authorities 27 days post-surgery. The combination of tiletaminezolazepam, methadone, and epidural lidocaine effectively provided immobilization, analgesia, and hemodynamic stability. This case highlights the importance of multimodal analgesia and careful anesthetic monitoring to ensure successful surgical outcomes in wildlife conservation medicine. The anesthetic and surgical approach described in this report contributed to the successful rehabilitation of a margay with pelvic fractures caused by a road traffic accident. The findings support the efficacy of multimodal anesthesia and epidural analgesia in wild feline trauma management, providing valuable insights for future veterinary interventions in conservation medicine. | O gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii) é um pequeno felino selvagem endêmico da América Central e do Sul. Devido ao aumento da fragmentação do habitat e à expansão humana, frequentemente se envolvem em acidentes de trânsito, resultando em lesões traumáticas graves. A intervenção veterinária eficaz é crucial para sua reabilitação e reintrodução na natureza. No entanto, há pouca literatura sobre estratégias adequadas de manejo anestésico e cirúrgico para felinos selvagens. Uma gata-maracajá fêmea adulta de vida livre (2,3 kg) foi admitida com uma fratura simples completa desviada fechada na asa direita do sacro, além de múltiplas fraturas no púbis e no ísquio. O manejo anestésico incluiu pré medicação com tiletamina-zolazepam (5 mg/kg IM) e metadona (0,3 mg/kg IM), indução com propofol (3 mg/kg IV) e manutenção com isoflurano em oxigênio. Um bloqueio epidural sacrococcígeo (L7-S1) com lidocaína (3 mg/kg) foi realizado para reduzir a necessidade de anestesia inalatória e melhorar a analgesia. Os parâmetros fisiológicos permaneceram estáveis ao longo do procedimento, e a recuperação pós-operatória transcorreu sem intercorrências. A paciente recebeu alta para as autoridades de reabilitação de vida selvagem 27 dias após a cirurgia. A combinação de tiletamina-zolazepam, metadona e lidocaína epidural proporcionou imobilização eficaz, analgesia e estabilidade hemodinâmica. Este caso destaca a importância da analgesia multimodal e do monitoramento anestésico cuidadoso para garantir o sucesso dos procedimentos cirúrgicos na medicina de conservação da vida selvagem. A abordagem anestésica e cirúrgica descrita neste relato contribuiu para a reabilitação bem-sucedida de um gato macarajá com fraturas pélvicas decorrentes de um acidente de trânsito. Os achados reforçam a eficácia do protocolo escolhido para o manejo de traumas em felinos silvestres, fornecendo informações valiosas para futuras intervenções veterinárias na medicina da conservação.

Antimicrobianos são comumente utilizados na produção suinícola para melhorar o desempenho dos animais, no entanto, seu uso pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana. Como resultado, há a necessidade de explorar novas tecnologias nutricionais que possam promover a saúde e a produtividade animal sem comprometer a resistência bacteriana. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do cobre nanoestruturado como melhorador de desempenho para leitões na fase de creche. Um total de 135 leitões com 28 dias de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados (sexo e peso inicial) e divididos em cinco tratamentos dietéticos: controle negativo (sem melhorador de desempenho); controle positivo (inclusão de 200 mg/kg de sulfato de cobre); e três dietas com diferentes inclusões de cobre nanoestruturado (10, 20 e 30 mg/kg da dieta). Os parâmetros de ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de ração diário (CRD) e conversão alimentar (CA) foram usados para caracterizar o desempenho dos leitões na fase de creche. Escores fecais diários foram usados para caracterizar a prevalência de distúrbios entéricos e a análise econômica foi usada como um parâmetro para estimar a viabilidade econômica da suplementação de cobre nanoestruturado para leitões desmamados. Aos sete dias do experimento foi observado que os animais do grupo controle negativo apresentaram peso vivo superior (P<0,05) ao grupo com sulfato de cobre em 7,75%. Do dia 21 ao 42 do experimento verificou-se que os animais do grupo com sulfato de cobre apresentaram CRD superior (P<0,05) em comparação a todos os outros grupos experimentais. Para o escore fecal médio, o grupo com inclusão de 20 mg/kg de cobre nanoestruturado apresentou escore superior (P<0,05) em 13% em comparação ao grupo do sulfato de cobre, demonstrando maior incidência de diarreia. Portanto, o cobre nanoestruturado, nas doses avaliadas, não foi eficaz em melhorar o desempenho de leitões na fase de creche. | Antimicrobial feed additives are commonly used in swine production to improve pig health and performance, but their use can contribute to the development of bacterial resistance. In this sense, new nutritional technologies that promote animal health and productivity without compromising bacterial susceptibility must be evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effects of nanostructured copper as a growth promoter for piglets in the nursery phase. A total of 135 piglets at 28 days of age were distributed in a randomized block design (sex and initial weight) and assigned to five dietary treatments: negative control (without growth promoters); positive control (200 mg/kg copper sulfate inclusion); and three diets with different nanostructured copper inclusions (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg of the diet). Body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were used to characterize piglet performance in the nursery phase. Daily fecal scores were used to describe the prevalence of enteric disorders, and economic analysis was used as a parameter of the financial viability of nanostructured copper supplementation for weaned piglets. After seven days of the experiment, the negative control group pigs had 7.75% greater BW (P<0.05) than the copper sulfate group pigs. From day 21 to 42 of the experiment, the copper sulfate group animals had a greater ADFI (P<0.05) than all other experimental groups. For the average fecal score, pigs fed the 20 mg/kg nanostructured copper inclusion had a 13 percent higher score (P<0.05) than the copper sulfate group, indicating a greater incidence of diarrhea. Therefore, at the evaluated dietary concentrations, nanostructured copper was ineffective in improving piglet performance in the nursery phase.

Os pedilúvios são amplamente utilizados em fazendas leiteiras para prevenir e tratar doenças podais, especialmente a dermatite digital. O HoofCare® é um produto comercial livre de antibióticos composto de cloreto de zinco, ácido cítrico, citrato de cobre e óleo essencial de melaleuca. Além dos resultados positivos no tratamento de dermatite digital pelo pincelamento, evidências empíricas de campo sugerem bons resultados no uso em pedilúvios para o controle e prevenção de doenças podais. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o número de passagens da solução comercial acidificada HoofCare® a partir do pH, e compará-la com a solução mais utilizada atualmente, o sulfato de cobre a 5%. Amostras foram coletadas a cada 50 passagens de vacas, desde o preparo da solução até a última passagem de vacas (C0, C50, C100..., C750). Amostras adicionais da solução inicial e final do pedilúvio com HoofCare® também foram coletadas em quatro momentos diferentes: dois para o todo o rebanho lactante e dois para vacas secas e novilhas. Recomenda-se que as soluções com cobre mantenham o pH abaixo de 5,0, sendo 4,5 considerado como o ponto de corte ideal. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas e protegidas da luz para análise subsequente. Os resultados revelaram diferença estatística significativa (P<0,001) no pH entre as soluções de sulfato de cobre e HoofCare® pelo teste de variância ANOVA. Além disso, ficou evidente que em C400 (400 passagens de vacas) a solução de sulfato de cobre apresentou pH de 4,51, enquanto a solução HoofCare® apresentou pH inferior (3,72), atingindo apenas 4,51 em C650 (650 passagens de vacas). A curva de variação do pH da solução HoofCare® apresentou valores de pH que permaneceram dentro do recomendado para um pedilúvio eficaz (abaixo de 5,0) mesmo após a passagem de 816 vacas (pH=4,88). No entanto, o ponto de corte (pH<4,5) foi determinado em 600 passagens de vacas. Conclui-se que o ponto de corte (pH < 4,5) para o pedilúvio HoofCare®  a 10% foi determinado como sendo 600 passagens. Ademais, a solução exibiu estabilidade e eficácia superiores na manutenção de um pH ideal para um número maior de passagens de vaca em comparação com a solução de sulfato de cobre a 5%. | Footbaths are widely used on dairy farms to prevent and treat hoof diseases, especially digital dermatitis. HoofCare® is a commercial, antibiotic-free product composed of zinc chloride, citric acid, copper citrate, and melaleuca oil, also known as tea tree oil. Empirical field evidence suggests that footbath application yields good results in controlling and preventing foot diseases, as well as when the product is used for direct brushing in treating digital dermatitis lesions. This study aimed to determine the number of cow passages of an acidified commercial solution footbath (HoofCare®) based on pH and compare it with the solution currently most used, 5% copper sulfate. Samples were collected every 50 cow passages, starting from solution preparation to the last cow passage (C0, C50, C100..., C750). Additional samples of the solution preparation and the final HoofCare® footbath were also collected at four different time points: two for the entire lactating herd and two for dry cows and heifers. It is recommended that copper solutions maintain a pH below 5.0, with the ideal cut off point being 4.5. All samples were stored and protected from light for subsequent analysis. Results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in pH between the copper sulfate and HoofCare® solutions, as determined by the variance test ANOVA. Furthermore, it was evident that at C400 (400 cow passages), the copper sulfate solution had a pH of 4.51, while the HoofCare® solution showed a lower pH of 3.72, only reaching 4.51 at C650 (650 cow passages). The pH variation curve of the HoofCare® solution displayed pH values that remained within the recommended range for an effective footbath (below 5.0) even after 816 cow passages (pH = 4.88). In conclusion, the cutoff point (pH < 4.5) for the 10% HoofCare® footbath was determined to be 600 cow passages. The solution exhibited superior stability and efficacy in maintaining an optimal pH for a greater number of cow passages compared to the 5% copper sulfate solution.

A laringotraqueoscopia é uma ferramenta essencial tanto na prática clínica quanto no diagnóstico de condições respiratórias, especialmente em cães braquicefálicos, que são predispostos a anomalias anatômicas das vias aéreas. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar uma técnica de preservação de cadáveres caninos para treinamento em laringotraqueoscopia e explorar diferenças anatômicas entre cães braquicefálicos e mesocefálicos. Foram utilizados 30 cadáveres, divididos igualmente entre os dois grupos morfológicos, em conformidade com as diretrizes éticas estabelecidas pelo CONCEA. A solução preservante empregada foi composta por sais de cura e álcool etílico glicerinado a 5%, administrada por canulação da aorta torácica, seguida de armazenamento a vácuo a 4 °C por até 120 dias. Os cadáveres foram submetidos à laringotraqueoscopia antes e depois do armazenamento para avaliar coloração, maleabilidade e integridade das estruturas anatômicas. Alterações anatômicas, como eversão dos sacos laríngeos e estenose traqueal, também foram examinadas. Após 90 dias de preservação, 100% dos cadáveres mantiveram coloração e maleabilidade semelhantes às de cadáveres frescos, sendo considerados adequados para o treinamento em laringotraqueoscopia. No entanto, após 120 dias, apenas 72,2% conservaram a textura e a coloração desejadas dos tecidos. Destaca-se que 93,33% dos cães braquicefálicos apresentaram redução do lúmen glótico em comparação com os cães mesocefálicos, que exibiram estruturas mais uniformes e menos edemaciadas. Além disso, o ápice da cartilagem epiglótica nos cães braquicefálicos era mais arredondado, enquanto nos mesocefálicos apresentava um formato mais pontiagudo. Em conclusão, a técnica de preservação proposta mostrou-se eficaz para a manutenção de cadáveres destinados ao treinamento em laringotraqueoscopia por até 90 dias e permitiu comparações anatômicas detalhadas entre cães braquicefálicos e mesocefálicos. Essa técnica contribui para a capacitação de profissionais no manejo das alterações respiratórias nessas raças, promovendo práticas éticas e economicamente viáveis. | Laryngotracheoscopy is a crucial tool in both clinical practice and the diagnosis of respiratory conditions, particularly in brachycephalic dogs, which are prone to anatomical airway abnormalities. This study aimed to introduce a technique for preserving canine cadavers for laryngo-tracheoscopy training and to explore anatomical differences between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs. We used a total of 30 cadavers, evenly split between the two morphological groups, in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by CONCEA. We employed a preservative solution composed of curing salts and 5% glycerinated ethyl alcohol, administered through thoracic aortic cannulation, then stored the cadavers under vacuum at 4 °C for up to 120 days. The cadavers underwent laryngotracheoscopy both before and after storage to assess coloration, malleability, and the integrity of the anatomical structures. Anatomical alterations, such as laryngeal saccule eversion and tracheal stenosis, were also examined. After 90 days of preservation, 100% of the cadavers retained coloration and malleability akin to fresh cadavers, proving suitable for laryngotracheoscopy training. However, after 120 days, only 72.2% maintained the desired tissue texture and coloration. Noteworthy was that 93.33% of brachycephalic dogs showed a reduction in glottic lumen compared to mesocephalic dogs, which presented more uniform and less edematous structures. Furthermore, the apex of the epiglottic cartilage in brachycephalic dogs was more rounded in contrast to the more pointed appearance in mesocephalic dogs. In conclusion, the preservation technique proposed here is effective for maintaining cadavers for laryngotracheoscopy training up to 90 days and facilitates detailed anatomical comparisons between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs. This technique supports the training of professionals in managing respiratory alterations in these breeds, promoting both ethical and cost-effective practices.

peer reviewed | [en] OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of ultrasound-guided intervertebral disc (IVD) injection of contrast medium and methylene blue to aid in intraoperative identification of cervical IVD spaces in dogs. METHODS: This was a single-center experimental cadaver study using randomly chosen skeletally mature dog cadavers from January 2, 2023, to March 23, 2023. For each cadaver, 1 cervical IVD was randomly selected. The ventral cervical region was ultrasonographically examined, pushing the trachea leftwards. A 50/50 contrast medium (iohexol, 300 mgI/mL) and methylene blue mixture was injected under ultrasound guidance in the IVD and ventral soft tissues. The x-rays and CT scans were performed before and after injection. Each cadaver was dissected using a ventral slot procedure. The cadavers and IVD characteristics, the success rate in ultrasonographically identifying the correct IVD space, time to injection, most caudal IVD space feasibly injectable, and semiquantitative imaging and surgical scores were recorded. RESULTS: 20 canine cadavers were used. The IVD injections were successfully performed in the correct IVD space in all cadavers. The median time to injection was 3.95 minutes (Q1 to Q3, 3.22 to 5.88 minutes). The contrast medium was clearly visible on at least 1 radiographic projection in all but 1 case and on the CT in all cases. During surgical dissection, the dye was clearly visible in all but 1 case. The dogs' weight was significantly different between most caudal IVD spaces feasibly injectable. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographical cervical IVD space identification and mixture injection are feasible and might help intraoperative cervical IVD space identification in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique could be used presurgically in patients with cervical IVD diseases.

peer reviewed | A male long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was found to have a severe tail injury during a clinical examination prior to vasectomy at the Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. The injury involved an open wound with areas of necrosis and fracture. Based on the tail condition, the animal was treated with a partial caudectomy. Prophylactic treatment prior to surgery with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory was carried out using amoxicillin and ketorolac tromethamine, respectively. Anesthesia was maintained using propofol. Postoperatively, the anesthesia reversal agent atipamezole was administered. After the macaque exhibited clear signs of recovery from anesthesia, it was transported in a cage back to the capture site and released into its original social group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case report describing partial caudectomy in macaques.

International audience | OBJECTIVE To report clinical signs, biological anomalies, treatment, and outcome in domestic ferrets with cholecystitis, describe the ultrasonographic features of cholecystitis, and compare the ultrasonographic appearance of the hepatobiliary system between diseased and healthy ferrets. METHODS 11 ferrets with confirmed cholecystitis and abdominal ultrasonography were retrospectively included. Ten healthy ferrets were prospectively recruited to undergo hepatobiliary abdominal ultrasonography. Comparisons of explanatory variables (group, age, body weight, and sex) were performed. RESULTS The most common clinical signs were nonspecific, and icterus was observed in 1/4 of diseased ferrets. Compared with healthy individuals, diseased ferrets showed a larger common bile duct (CBD; ≥ 2.8 mm), a thicker CBD wall (≥ 0.7 mm), a thicker gallbladder (GB) wall, more frequent echoic GB luminal content, visible intrahepatic bile ducts, and a greater GB volume. Bile culture was positive in 9/11 mostly for Escherichia coli (8/9). Bile cytology indicated septic purulent cholecystitis in 7/7 ferrets. Survival time after antibiotic treatment ranged from 6 to 104 weeks, with a median of 36 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Ferrets with cholecystitis presented with nonspecific clinical signs and frequently showed hyperbilirubinemia. Ultrasonography findings such as enlarged CBD, thickened CBD wall, thicker GB wall, GB sludge, visible intrahepatic bile ducts, and enlarged GB may suggest cholecystitis. Escherichia coli was commonly isolated from bile. The medium-term mortality rate was high despite targeted antibiotherapy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first study describing the clinical signs, biological anomalies, ultrasonographic findings, and outcomes after treatment in a series of domestic ferrets with cholecystitis.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anisakiasis and its associated risk factors in the Sangihe Islands Regency, Indonesia, where people have a unique habit of consuming raw seafood “Kinilo.” Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 112 respondents who met the inclusion criteria using the Indirect ELISA method with the Anisakidae immunoglobulin G (IgG) kit. Results: The results showed that 59/112 respondents (52.67%) were seropositive for Anisakidae IgG, with significant risk factors such as the consumption of Katsuwonus pelamis and measures related to eating habits. Multivariate analysis revealed that consumption of raw K. pelamis was associated with a 45.748 times higher risk of anisakiasis. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to raise awareness and implement interventions to prevent infection, including fish processing and storage education. This study emphasizes the need for a holistic health approach to reduce the risk factors for anisakiasis in at-risk communities. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 8–18, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l867