A study was conducted on 65 clinical cases of upward fixation of patella of she buffaloes treated during the last years(2000 - 2006). The occurrence of the disease with respect to species and season were documented Buffaloes suffering from jerky movement during flexion to complete immobilization of the joint. Since the animal fixes its( limb in extension ) while the patella glides up over the trochela. All Buffaloes were affected with upward fixation of the patella in one back leg. After medial patellar desmotomy, buffaloes become health sound and returned in stride normal. The purpose of this study was to treat and report for the first in literature of upward fixation in buffaloes in Basra provinces. Alternatively tying the animals to a wheel of a bullock cart also resulted in good control of animals under field conditions.

The L.arginine-Nitric oxide pathway has shown a role in pain felling which is a mediator with modulation effect in dorsal root of ganglionic neurons of spinal cord. The presented study goal was to clarify the influence of sex on the effects of L.arginine mediated nitric oxide on pain arbitration in both sexes of mice. The response time of hot plat test and latency period of tail flick were recorded the pain perception. The results of both groups of control and treated with L.arginine showed decrease of time response of hot plat in male than female and the same result in tail flick latency period of control group. Where as amplify of hot plat response time of male than female in L.NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) treated group. Morphine treated group were increase in all groups as compared with control. These findings might be attributed to that pain felling is intercede through diverse mediators in different sexes of mice male and female, this may possible involves sex hormone. In addition, from the result of L.NAME on pain sensation, it may be recommended that L.arginine-nitric oxide pathway is extra vital in male in comparison with female in pain sensation.

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of xylazine administration at dose of (0.05 mg/kg BW) intravenously in late pregnancy of buffaloes and cattle. Under xylazine as sedation and analgesia, accompanied with local anesthesia, rumenatomy were implemented on three hundred seventy two buffaloes and sixty four cattle. Eighty two and thirty five of these buffaloes and cattle were in late pregnancy respectively. The results of this study revealed that xylazine did not effect the buffaloes in late stage of pregnancy, but it cause abortion in late pregnancy in cattle at a percentage of 3.65%. Also there was individual variation of response to xylazine in both buffaloes and cattle. The latter appeared to be more sensitive to xylazine than buffaloes

This study was conducted to evaluate the role of vaccination trial of sheep with different types of hydatid cyst antigens (hydatid cyst fluid, protoscolecses and laminated layer ).in the prevention and control of hydatid cyst infection .The animals in all groups received Echinococcus granulosus egg as challenge after the third injection of antigens . Serum antibody responded of vaccinated animals with different antigens studied during the period of study , the results revealed that ,the titer of antibodydepend on indirect heamagglutination test after 21 days and 6 months were 640 and 320 respectively when hydatid cyst fluid antigen was used Also it was 320 and 160 respectively when protoscolisces and laminated layer antigen was used . The animals observed over a year after vaccination and the observation show reduction in the hydatid cyst growth in the vaccinated groups, whears the control group show growth of small cyst in the liver and lung.

ABSTRACT 210 one day old broiler chicks were used in this study. They were divided in to two groups. The first kept on commercial diet as (control); the second group was given thiamin (vit. Bl) in dose 10 mg /bird was added to same commercial diet. Glucose concentrations, total cholesterol, total protein and the activity of the blood enzymes were determined. Results revealed a significant (p0.05) for this vitamin on the blood enzymes activity. The physiological impact of these changes were discussed.

The objective of this study was to assess the host status of the three largest southern African wild ruminants, namely giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis, African buffaloes, Syncerus caffer, and eland, Taurotragus oryx for ixodid ticks. To this end recently acquired unpublished data are added here to already published findings on the tick burdens of these animals, and the total numbers and species of ticks recorded on 12 giraffes, 18 buffaloes and 36 eland are summarized and discussed. Twenty-eight ixodid tick species were recovered. All stages of development of ten species, namely Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Haemaphysalis silacea, Ixodes pilosus group, Margaropus winthemi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum, Rhipicephalus maculates and Rhipicephalus muehlensi were collected. The adults of 13 species, of which the immature stages use small mammals as hosts, namely Haemaphysalis aciculifer, Hyalomma glabrum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicephalus capensis, Rhipicephalus exophthalmos, Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus lounsburyi, Rhipicephalus lunulatus, Rhipicephalus pravus group and Rhipicephalus simus, were also collected.

Trypanosomal infections in female Glossina morsitans morsitans were investigated in an area in the Eastern Province of Zambia between 1992 and 1994. A total of 4 416 flies were captured, aged using the ovarian ageing method and screened for trypanosomal infections in both the mouthparts, salivary glands and the midgut. Congolense-type infections were identified in 4.8 % of the flies. Vivax-type and immature infections were identified in 1.8 % and 6.8 % of the flies, respectively. The prevalence of con golense-type, vivax-type and immature infections increased with age. For vivax-type infections the age-prevalence relationship could be described by a model assuming a constant per capita rate of infection. For congolense-type and midgut infections, a polynomial term was added to the model significantly improving the fit. The per capita at which flies become infected was significantly higher for immature compared to mature infections. Observations strongly suggest that tsetse acquire new midgut infections at any age and that maturation of these infections is not limited to those obtained during the first blood meal.

The present study was carried out in dairy farms experiencing low reproductive efficiency. Blood samples were collected from 84 cattle and 16 buffaloes suffered from infertility problems for detection and titration of leptospiral antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Eleven standardized leptospira serovars were used as living antigens for this purpose. Sixteen (19.05%) and 2 (12.5%) samples were found positive for L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae for cattle and buffaloes respectively, with titers ≥1:200. Antibodies against L. interrogans serovar Pomona were detected in 8 (9.52%) and 2 (12.5%) in cattle and buffaloes respectively with titers ≥1:400. Two cattle (2.38%) and two buffalo (12.5%) samples were positive for L. interrogans serovar Djasiman. On the other hand, two cattle samples were positive for both L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans serovar Pomona. Second serum samples were rechecked for seroconversion from each positively reacted animal with 3-4 weeks interval.

A total number of 30 buffaloe calves aged between 1-6 months with body weight range of 100- 125 kg and belonged to private farms at Assiut Governorate constituted the materials of this study. Twenty of them showed the classical signs of hypomagnesaemia while the other ten buffaloe calves were proved to be healthy by both clinical and laboratory methods of examinations and used as control. Biochemical analysis of blood sera showed a significant hypomagnesaemia , hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia in diseased buffaloe calves when compared with the healthy ones, also fluctuation between the previous studied parameters either pre and post treated animals were evident. Meanwhile, blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio and GOT levels were fluctuated in diseased buffaloe calves or treated one when compared with the healthy control animals. Statistical analysis between studies parameters were carried out in buffaloe calves before and after treatment.

Polyclonal hyperimmune serum against Pasteurella multocida type A:5, A:8 and A:9 was prepared in boskat rabbits. The indirect haemagglutination test (IHT) showed that such serum had an antibody titer of 1114. The immunoglobulins in the prepared antiserum were precipitated using saturated ammonium sulphate solution. Its concentration was adjusted to be 18mg/ml in normal saline then it was conjugated with horse radish peroxidase and evaluated through the application of double sandwich ELISA. It was successful to detect Pasteurella multocida antibodies in positive serum samples with strong positive reactions up to a dilution of 1:100 of the prepared conjugate.In the present study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using random primer (E-20) was used to characterize and identify strains included in this study. Strains included 4 vaccinal reference strains of Pasteurella multocida, CU strain and 4 field isolates of Pasteurella multocida isolated from diseased turkeys which were identified biochemically and serologically as A:1, A:3, A3x4 and D:11. The obtained results revealed that all strains were reacted positively and in different manner with the E20 primer except the 2 field isolates. The results of these reactions demonstrated in terms of bands of different molecular weight specific to each strain. This can be used as a base for characterization and differentiation of strains involved in the present study as the 2 field strains A:1 and A:3 react with primer. Mouse protection test was performed by vaccination of mice with local fowl cholera oil adjuvant vaccine then challenge with virulent field strains A:1, A:3, D:12 and untypable isolates. Results revealed that the local fowl cholera adjuvant vaccine could protect mice against virulent challenge with A:1, A:3 and D:12 field strains but it could not be protect mice against untypable isolates