Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, from the Rietvlei Dam near Pretoria, South Africa were examined for nem atode parasites. Two species, Procamallanus laeviconchus in the stomach and Contracaecum spp. larvae in the abdominal cavity, were found. The morphology of these species, based on light and scanning electron microscopy, and how they compare with previously described specimens are discussed. Infection rates were mild compared to previous surveys although Contracaecum spp. had a high prevalence of 86 %.

During the period between January 1999 and December 2000, the distribution and seasonal patterns of Fasciola gigantica infections in cattle in the highveld and lowveld communal grazing areas of Zimbabwe were determined through monthly coprological examination. Cattle faecal samples were collected from 12 and nine dipping sites in the highveld and lowveld communal grazing areas respectively. Patterns of distribution and seasonal fluctuations of the intermediate host-snail populations and the climatic factors influencing the distribution were also determined by sampling at monthly intervals for a period of 24 months (November 1998 to October 2000) in six dams and six streams in the highveld and in nine dams in the lowveld communal grazing areas. Each site was sampled for relative snail density and the vegetation cover and type, physical and chemical properties of water, and mean monthly rainfall and temperature were recorded. Aquatic vegetation and grass samples 0-1 m from the edges of the snail habitats were collected monthly to determine the presence or absence of F. gigantica metacercariae. Snails collected at the same time were individually checked for the emergence of larval stages of F. gigantica. A total of 16 264 (calves 5 418; weaners 5 461 and adults 5 385) faecal samples were collected during the entire period of the study and 2 500 (15.4 %) of the samples were positive for F. gigantica eggs. Significantly higher prevalences were found in the highveld compared to the lowveld (P < 0.001), for adult cattle than calves ( P < 0.01) and in the wet season over the dry season (P < 0.01). Faecal egg output peaked from August / September to March / April for both years of the study. Lymnaea natalensis, the snail intermediate host of F. gigantica was recorded from the study sites with the highveld having a significantly higher abundance of the snail species than the lowveld (P < 0.01). The snail population was low between December and March and started to increase in April reaching a peak in September / October. The number of juvenile snails peaked between April and August. The mean number of snails collected was negatively correlated with rainfall and positively correlated with temperature. Mean number of snails collected was also positively correlated with Potamogeton plant species and negatively correlated with Cyperus plant species. However, none of the L. natalensis collected from the habitats were found shedding Fasciola cercariae. Metacercariae were found on herbage from the fringes of the snail habitats between February and August for both years, with most of the metacercariae concentrated on herbage 0-1 m from the banks of the habitats. Based on the findings of this study, anthelmintic treatment should be administered in December / January to control chronic and mature fasciolosis. A second treatment should be given in April / May to reduce pasture contamination and subsequently snail infection, as this is the time the snail population starts to build up. To control acute fasciolosis due to the immature liver flukes a third treatment should be given in August. The first application of molluscicides to control the snail intermediate hosts can be done in June the time when the snail is harbouring the parasite and a second application in September in order to kill new generations of infected snails.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia supplemented to broilers on some physiological parameters represented by hematological characteristics . A total of 90 chick of broiler faobre strain from IPA center for agricultural researches were used at one day old . The birds at 4th day old , were randomly assigned into three groups . Each group consisted of thirty birds . The control groub ( c ) was not treated , T1 group treated with aqueous extract 1 ml / day of concentration 0.25 (gm / ml water) and T2 group was treated with aqueous extract 1 ml / day of 0.125 gm/ml concentration and for eight weeks . All groups were fed the same commercial basal ration of broiler and the same environmental condition and vaccinations were allowed to each group . The results of blood samples tests were as follows . Treated birds expressed high values of blood hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume percentage and showed significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) compared with control group . The birds ofT1 group indicated high significant increased( p < 0.05 ) in total leukocytic count compared V with the T2 & control group . Theres is , significant increased ( p< 0.05 ) in numbers V of TWBCS in T2 group compared with a control group . A total erythrocytic counts revealed that there were Significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) between groupsln numbers of Red blood cells by increasing the number of red blood cells in treated group . These results refered to the benefit of aqueous extract of Men!/m /ongifolia to broiler chicken at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.125 gm /ml

Random 'l‘n5 mutagenesis produced 2l cysteine/methionine and 13 methionine au.'otrophic mutants of‘ Sinorliiznbimn me/1'/or/' strain Rmd20l. Linkage of Tn5 to auxotroph indicated that each mutant had a single 'l‘n5 insertion. All auxotroph showed spontaneous reversion to prototrophy and they resembled the parental strain in production ofcell surface molecule and utilization of sugars and dicarboxylic acid.

The protein extract from powder milk were prepared by extraction, followed by purification and fractionation using gel filtraction. One peak was obtained from powder milk with molecular weight of 22KDa. ELISA and skin test were performed on 195 patients tested with powder milk.The rate of positive results to skin test and ELISA was 60.51%. - ‘ ‘ There were significant differences P

A total of99 healthy genitalia ofAwassi ewes were collected from AL-Shula . and local abattoirs , Baghdad province , for biometrical measurement of uteri . viz. .weight and length of uterus , no. of caruncles in uterus body and horns . the greater and leaser curvature length of both left and right horns and The diameters of both horns . The results revealed that the mean weight and length of uterus respectively 34.365 g and l.354 cm were significantly differs due to different phases of estrus cycle. The mean total of caruncles in uterus body and homs \ere 3.566 and 90.939 which were insignificantl} differ due U. different phases ofestrus respectively The greater lengths ofthe right ,and left horn were 17.270 & l7.769 cm while the leaser lengths were I i. 974 & l2.542 cm respectively which were insignificantly differ due to different oiuses of estrus . However the mean different of the right & left horns were 1 £62 & 1 .339 cm respectively which were significantly differ due to different phases of: strus; met estrus , showed the highest values

Hypoglycemic activity of Haloxylon salicornicum and Glibenclamide were studied in normal and diabetic rabbits. The drugs were adminstered once daily at dose of lg / Kg at H.salicorm'cum and 10 mg / Kg at Glibenclamide by gavage for one month. Serum glucose level, creatinine level, total bilirubine and total protein were reduced significantly in 15-30 days. The serum Transaminase (AST and ALT activities) had effect on the treated groups.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chitosan sheets onA inflammation. Accordingly chitosan sheet was isolated and prepared from theexoskeleton of the native shrimps in Basrah Province. The inflammation was induced andevaluated by polyvinyl sponge to determine the events which occur during theinflammatory process during different intervals in the presence or absence of chitosan&lsquo; sheets .For this purpose 24 male rabbits were used and two linear skin incisions (2 cm)were made on the dorsal aspect in both sides of each rabbit. The inflammatory process atl,3,7&amp;l5 day post wounding was evaluated macroscopically in terms of hyperemia,suppuration, dryness, and adhesion of margins and microscopically in terms of infiltrationof inflammatory cells specially neutrophils and macrophages, fibrovascular granulationtissue. _. The &lsquo;results of macroscopic evaluation revealed that '-It first post wounding day thetest wound was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more hyperemic than control wounds followed bya significant decrease in the severity of hyperemia in test wounds at ls&lsquo;, 3rd, 7"&lsquo;, and 15"&lsquo;post wounding days (p&lt;0.05). The test wounds was more dry with less suppuration to_ words the end of the experiment than control wounds (p&lt;0.05). The adhesive contactbetween the margin of the wounds was significantly higher in test wounds than in controlwounds through out the period of experiment (p&lt;0.05).

In an assessment of cellular immunity in Guinea pigs following transfer factor and sensitized spleen cell transfer using the erythrocytes: lyphocytes rosette test (E-rosette test). . The results revealed the following: p _ There is increase in the mean number of E-rosette forming active and total T lymphocytes in the sensitized transfer factor and sensitized spleen cell recipient groups comparable to control groups received normal spleen cell extract and normal spleen cells. These findings indicate that E-rosette "forming cells are of cellular immunological sinificance. .

Biopsy were taken from 50 patients in order to cultivate Helicobacter pylori and blood samples to detect anemia , differential white blood eellcount and blood groups . The results showed that anemia was found in 48% of the patients while lymphocyte elevated in 44% of them , blood group 0 had the higher percentage ( 42% ) in those patients among the other blood group types" . ' . _ _ INTRODUCTION - Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative microorganism that secretes many substances including ammoina , mucolytic enzymes ( adhesins , catalase and urease ) and acid secrete inhibitory proteins.(8) In addition to that it secrets toxin like vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA).(7). - — Adhesin allows the organism to adhere , catalase might protect the organisum from the immune system , urease increase the secretion of gastrin which stimulate the intestinal‘ tissues to grow faster , and so could result in increased cancer risk .Urease is reponsible for hydrolyzing urea to NH3 and CO2, and acts as also protective by forming an alkalin environment around the organism . The combination of NH3 ,_Co2 and inhibitory proteins allows the bacteria to setup locallized pockets where it can neutralize even the acidity of ' blood type 0 stomachs The genetics of the secretor and non —-secretor system interact to alter an individuals risk for ulcer. In several studies , non—secretors of ABO substances have been found to have significantly higher rate ofduodenal and peplic ulcer .( 8) fl._ pylori infection increases the percentage of peripheral lymphocytes above the upper limit of referential.values .(l0)e ' ‘ Recent evidence suggests that fl_. pylori infection could cause iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ).(2). Adolescent femal athletes may have development of [_{_.__pylori associated ( IDA ) which can be managed by Q pylori eradication (5 ) . H. pylori may have a role in causing IDA in school-age children (3 )