A total of 1317 samples were collected; 1164 serum samples, 122 milk samples, 24 lymph nodes and 7 aborted foeti from buffaloes in 10 Governorates from farms and villages in Upper Egypt. The serological tests used for the diagnosis of brucellosis on blood sera were the Rose Bengal plate (RBT) , Buffered acidified plate antigentest (BABAT), EDTA modifiedstandard tube agglutination test (MSAT), Revanol test (RT). On the other hand, the milk ring test (MRT) was performed on buffalo-cow's milk. Suspected colonies were stained with Gram, s stain and Modified ZeilNeelson stain. The isolated Brucella organisms on antibiotic free Brucella agar medium were subjected to the following tests for biochemical identification tests as CO2requirement, H2S production, Urease activity, growth in the presence of dyes,The indirect solid phase ELISA technique was carried out according to serum and milk samples.Agar gel immune diffusion test (AGID) and PCR applied on isolated Brucella strains. The results of the serological tests wereRose Bengal test 34.7%, BAPA (37%), Revanol test (28.2%),modified SAT (23.7%), indirect ELISAwere (32.3%) and AGPT (33.8%)in this study.Brucellaorganisms from lymph nodes of slaughtered buffaloes by culturing method showed that 3 (13.64%) isolates(2) of B. melitensisbiovar 3 and (1)B. abortusbiovar1. The isolated strain from aborted foeti was one isolate (14.29%) typed as B.melitensisbiovar 3. isolated only from Beni-Suef.By milk ring test (MRT) milk samples were 10 (8.20%) of B. melitensis biotype 3. A multiplex was format that will allow the rapid identification of Brucella spp., B. abortus, and B.melitensis in a single test within 2 to 3 h. B. melitensis was identified at 731bp and B. abortus identified at 498bp. Finally, we made measures of the control program for eradication of brucellosis in buffaloes by a reasonable system of compensation, Veterinarians for field work and state laboratories capable of serological techniques.Also, information technology solutions and further logistic means as animal identification techniques are in any governorates in Egypt.

AAvian Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were investigated in different poultry farms at Beni-Suef governorate. Bacteriological examination of 160 samples which were taken from organs of freshly dead and diseased chickens revealed isolation of 50 (31.25%) isolates of Pasteurella.Spp., 16 (10%) isolates were Mannheimia hemolytica and 34(21.25%) isolates were Pasteurella multocida. Experimental infection was carried out on four weeks old Balady chickens which were inoculated with isolates of Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida separately, mortality rate in both reached to 80%. Samples were taken from dead chickens and examined bacteriolgically and histopathologicaly and Pasteurella. Spp. were reisolated from experimentally infected chickens. Antibiogram study with 10 types of chemotherapeutic agents revealed that both microorganisms were sensitive to ceftiofor, gentamycin and lincomycin + spectinomycin. The gross and microscopic pathologic lesions were variable in type and severity in field and experimentally infected cases. There was general hyperemia which most evident in veins of the abdominal viscera. Petecheal haemorrhages were frequently found and widely distributed. Livers of the most acutely affected birds were swollen and had multiple small focal areas of coagulative necrosis and heterophilic infiltration. Heterophilic infiltration also occurs in lungs and certain other parenchymotous organs.

Fungal diseases of poultry have become problematic as bacterial and viral diseases. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fungal agents in broiler chickens and their environment. The prevalence of fungal isolation from broiler chickens was 21.6% including 12.8% moulds and 8.8% yeast while the prevalence of fungal isolation from the environment was 46.8% including 25.5% moulds and 21.3% yeast. Aspergillus species was the most prevalent moulds while C. albicans was the most prevalent yeast recovered from broiler chickens and their environment.

The aims of this study were twofold: to assess the welfare of two hybrids of laying hens in conventional cages and to investigate the effects of tier’s level on the integument condition and fearfulness. Two commercial hybrids, white Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and brown Lohmann Traditional (LT) at about 18 weeks of age were used in the current study and were housed at three hens / cage. No birds were beak-trimmed. External appearance of the body (scoring of plumage condition and skin injuries at body parts and comb), heterophil-lymphocyte (H-L) ratios and duration of tonic immobility (TI) were used as indicators of well-being. LSL birds showed better plumage condition and low H-L ratios than LT birds while no significant difference was recorded in TI test between the two hybrids. Hens housed in the top tier showed worse feather condition and more wounds than birds in middle and bottom tiers whereas for fear levels, no significant difference was revealed for hens from different tiers of cages. These results suggest that the welfare of LSL birds was relatively good compared to LT. Therefore, conventional cages can be used by the hens to a large extent if birds are properly selected to be specifically adapted to cages.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pair housing versus individual and group housing on behavioural patterns of female buffalo calves (n = 18; 15.0±3.0 days of age) were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments of group housing with (C1=one calf/pen, C2=two calves/pen, or C3= three calves/pen) supplying a total pen space allowance of 1.82 m2 /calf, regardless of pen size. Behaviour was recorded by direct observation throughout the day from 10:00 to 14:00 clock, during a single day each week for 12 weeks using scan sampling every 15 min within 4 hours’ observation sessions. Calves housed in C2 group showed more (P ≤ 0.05) eating and drinking, chewing/ruminating, object manipulation and self grooming, lying activities, and less (P < 0.05) inactivity and standing when compared to calves housed in C1 and C3 groups. In conclusion, raising buffalo calves in paired housing system provided calves more opportunity to express their comfort, grooming, and feeding activities compared to individual and group housing system, however further investigation is still required to study the effect of paired housing system on the performance and physiological indicators in buffalo calves.

The aim of this study was to compare between the laryngeal muscles and cavity in buffaloes, camels and donkeys. A total of 30 larynxes (10 larynxes from each species) were subjected to study. In the three species, the laryngeal muscles were similar to those of other domestic animals, but the hyoepiglotticus muscle of camel was remarkably longer. Although the thyroarytenoideus muscle was undivided in the buffalo and camel, the slightly deeper lateral ventricle in camel, allowed the muscle anterior part to be covered with mucous membrane forming the vestibular fold. The laryngeal cavity of donkey was characterized by the presence of lateral laryngeal saccule that located between the two separate parts of thyroarytenoideus muscle, the vestibular and vocal muscles; the presence of two small pouches on both sides of median laryngeal recess, and the cuneiform tubercle, which was a mucosal elevation that covered the cuneiform process. This study will fill a gap in the field of comparative anatomy and help other clinical investigation applied on these animals.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of probiotic on comfort and body care behaviors of broilers reared at two different densities. Two hundred and forty chicks were subdivided into four groups, two groups were reared under low stocking density (LSD); 10 bird/m2 and another 2 groups were reared under high stocking density (HSD); 15 bird/m2. In each density, one group was supplemented with probiotic in the drinking water and the other was not supplemented. Normal behavior of birds was recorded throughout the growing cycle twice a week, using video camera (Sony, Japan). Then after, comfort (standing, lying and sleeping), body care (preening, dust bathing, wing/leg stretching and head scratching) and aggressive behaviors of birds were analyzed. HSD reduced comfort behavior compared to low density without probiotic group. Standing frequency was significantly increased at the 6th week of the growing cycle. In addition, interrupted lying bouts frequency was increased and the non-interrupted lying bouts (frequency and duration) were decreased significantly. Moreover, preening frequency was decreased. However, aggressive behavior was not observed in all groups. Probiotic supplementation didn’t alter comfort, aggressive and body care behaviors of broilers at both densities in comparison to low density without probiotic group. However, birds stocked at high stocking density and supplemented with probiotic showed no alterations in all behavioral patterns compared to HSD group without probiotic supplementation. Data suggested that the used probiotic in this study was unable to improve comfort and body care behaviors of broilers reared at low stocking density and failed to alleviate impacts of high density stress on these behaviors.

According to the author knowledge, this report described for the first time pneumomediastinum that was concurrent with sharp foreign body syndrome in an adult recently parturient cow, which was admitted with signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis. The radiographic examination revealed both sharp metallic foreign body (nail) within the thoracic cavity and pneumomediastinum. The latter is recognized by visualization of the structures, which could not be seen on the radiograph of normal animals. The animal did not receive any type of treatment and its owner was advised with its slaughter.

Due to safety concerns, natural antioxidants have been of increasing interest so that the present investigation was undertaken to shed more light on the nutritional value and antioxidant properties of raw camel’s milk (Camelus dromedarius). Eighty milk samples were tested for their physiochemical and antioxidant properties including fat, protein, lactose, gross energy, total antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, zinc, iron and copper. The results showed mean values for the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and gross energy of 4.3±0.09, 3.4±0.06, 4.04±0.06, 75.3±1.04, respectively. The obtained data showed higher content of total antioxidant capacity (3.6±0.14 mmol/l), vitamin C (8.4 ± 0.44 mg/dl), zinc (0.33±0.01 mg/dl), iron (0.25±0.01 mg/dl) and copper (0.14±0.123 mg/dl) than that reported in previous studies on other types of milk. The study showed that nutritional contribution made by one cup of camel’s milk can meet the daily requirement for human from gross energy, vitamin C, zinc, iron and copper with 10.5, 23.3, 7.5, 7.8 and 38.9 %, respectively. Among the antioxidant profile, the average concentration of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was 3.6±0.14 mmol/L. significant correlations were observed between TAC and other milk parameters particularly ascorbic acid. The obtained data could be of value in understanding the reasons behind considering camel’s milk as a functional food.

Dairy desserts containing cereals are considered a proper medium for xerophilic fungi growth and aflatoxins production. In this study, a hundred fifty samples of different commercial dairy desserts (n=90) and homemade ones (n=60) were examined for total mold count and aflatoxins B1 and M1 levels in first day of production and after 3 days of cold storage at 5°C. The results, revealed high total mold count in all examined commercial samples especially Muhallabiah, 11.9 x 102 and 4.7 x103 CFU/g in 1st and 3rd day of storage, respectively. The Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the predominant isolates followed by Alternaria and However, aflatoxin B1 was detected in 70% of commercial Bellilah samples above the acceptable limits (2 ppb) and Aflatoxin M1 had exceeded the limits in 10% of each type of samples. In contrast, the homemade samples showed good quality and acceptable total mold count and Aflatoxin B1 and no Aflatoxin M1 (according to Egyptian Standard) up to 7 days of storage. In conclusion, using of good quality cereals and good quality milk in the manufacturing of dairy desserts is the keyword to obtain safe healthy dairy desserts for consumers.