Abomasum, liver and lung of l2 adult moulllon (o;is ammon musiomon p) were investigated for helminths parasite which belong to ahcrd of about 170 animals. Tow species of nematoda and one fluke all from the digestive tract were found Q L and Q (/(.'n(/I‘iI£'1_u_)g The present linding of these parasite were considered the first in Iraq.

Water and acetone extracts of the leave of Law.s'om'a inermfs L., the peels of I’um'ca grrmamm L. and calcium carbonate (I%). alone or in combination were used against the fungus Aspergiflusfimiigams radial growth, sporulation and spore germination. The combination of acetone extracts ol‘ 1.. incrnu'.s' and P. gramrmm, and that ol‘ CaCO3 alone, were found to be the most effective against /t._/i.rmigam.s'. The acetone extract of L. incrmris‘ was very effective inhibitor of radial growth of the fungus when used alone or in combination with other treatments. The water extract of L. :'nermi.s‘ and P. granamm increased sporulation and spore germination olithe fungus. It was concluded that the acetone extracts of 1;. inernris and I’. grrimmrm alone or in combination with CaC()3 were considered to have a good in vitro antifungai activity agains

The present study investigated the toxicologic histopathologie effect ofallatoxin Hi, 60 broiler chicks ol’ one-day aged devided randomly and equally into three groups. for dietary study, using one group as untreated control, while the other groups were given aflatoxin B. mixed with diet in concentration of 0.5 and 1.5 ppm respectively, for 30 days, the study showed fatty degeneration of liver associated with bile duct prolilicration, accompanied by infiltration of monenuclcar cells and lymphocytes. Also there was degeneration in proximal convoluted tubules mostly as hyaline degeneration especially at 0.5 ppm dose level. Those at 1.5 ppm dose level, there was focal liver cell necrosis associated with fibrosis and enlarged proliferated bile ducts. sever vacuolation and necrosis of epithelial of renal proximal convoluted tubules with thickening of the glomerular basement membrane

Balb/c mice were used for investigating, the ability of the fungus (..'lada.s'porr‘zun sp. To infect the animal organs. Livers and kidneys of the animals were fixed and liistopathologieally examined after injecting the animal with ftlllgal spores. The study showed that the fungus (.'lado.s-porfzmz sp. is able to infect the animal organs . Fungal mycclia was observed among tisstie cells in addition to many histological changes such as cell (lcgcneration, necrosis. ecmgestion and bleeding.

A total of 17 commercially reared ostriches (Struthio camelus) from Msengi farm, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe, observed with swollen eyes, severe conjunctivitis and constant lacrimation accompanied by a purulent exudate, were restrained for further clinical examination. Some of the birds were semi-blind with severe loss of body condition. When examined, tiny organisms were observed attached to the nictitating membranes and the conjuctival sacs of both eyes. The organisms were identified as Philophthalmus gralli, the "oriental eye-fluke" and Melanoides tuberculata, a prosobranch snail, was confirmed as the intermediate host through natural and experimental infection. To the best of our knowledge this is the first record of the oriental eye-fluke infection in birds in Zimbabwe and Africa and extends its known geographical range.

Seasonal surveys were conducted at the Vaal Dam between April 2000 and January 2001. Twenty smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus) and 20 largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberleyensis) were collected with the aid of gill nets. Surface water quality variables were included. The cestodes were identified as either Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 or "other cestode spp.". The majority (99.8 %) of the cestodes found in both yellowfish species were identified as B. acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm). The prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of B. acheilognathi in both yellowfish species were calculated. Ecological parameters including species specificity, seasonality, gender specificity and relationships between fish size and the Asian tapeworm prevalence were also included. In this study, B. acheilognathi preferred L. kimberleyensis over L. aeneus although a low intensity was observed in smallmouth yellowfish. Furthermore, the infection (in terms of prevalence, abundance and mean intensity) in largemouth yellowfish was markedly higher. Seasonal patterns observed in the Asian tapeworm's infection of smallmouth yellowfish are attributed to breeding and subsequent feeding patterns of this fish species with relatively high infections recorded in winter and spring. For L. kimberleyensis no explanation can be given regarding the seasonal patterns observed for the mean intensity and abundance of B. acheilognathi. The maximum and minimum mean intensity and abundance values in largemouth yellowfish were recorded in autumn and spring, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of B. acheilognathi was consistently high in all four seasons.

Two hundred and seventy-three elephant shrews, consisting of 193 Elephantulus myurus, 67 Elephantulus edwardii and 13 animals belonging to other species, were examined for ixodid ticks at 18 localities in South Africa and Namibia. The immature stages of Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicentor nuttalli, Rhipicephalus warburtoni and a Rhipicephalus pravus-like tick were the most numerous of the 18 tick species recovered. Substantial numbers of immature Rhipicephalus arnoldi, Rhipicephalus distinctus and Rhipicephalus exophthalmos were also collected from elephant shrews at particular localities. Larvae of I. rubicundus were most numerous on E. myurus in Free State Province from April to July and nymphs from June to October. Larvae of R. nuttalli were most numerous on these animals during April, May, August and September, and nymphs in February and from April to August. The immature stages of R. warburton were collected from E. myurus only in Free State Province, and larvae were generally most numerous from December to August and nymphs from April to October.

Ticks were collected at approximately bi-monthly intervals between June 1996 and June 1997 from crested francolins, Francolinus sephaena, and from the vegetation on a mixed cattle and wildlife farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The birds were infested with the immature stages of 13 tick species, of which Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma marmoreum and Hyalomma marginatumrufipes were the most numerous and prevalent. Ten ixodid tick species were collected from the vegetation, of which the immature stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi were the most numerous. No adult ticks were collected from the birds and only two from the vegetation. The restricted home range of crested francolins implies that they could serve as a source of tick infestation only for other animals within the same habitat as the birds.

Studies were conducted to determine the utility of lysate antigens for rapid evaluation of the local entero-3 vaccine, antigens were prepared from cell cultures infected with bovine rota virus (BRV) and bovine corona virus (BCV) as well as from Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain K99. Prepared antigens were tested with field serum samples collected from both late pregnant entero-3 vaccinated cows and their offsprings using different serological assays including: microagglutination test, indirect ELISA and immunofluorescent antibody technique. Results of this endeavor were correlated to that of the standard virus neutralization test. The locally prepared antigens were proved useful for vaccine evaluation. Moreover, these antigens are recommended for both detection and assessment post vaccination or post infection of sero-conversion against BRV, BCV and E. coli.