The present work was down on the penises of immature camel of 3-36 month of age. This work is done to investigate the stepes and method of the separation between the free end of the penis and its sheath to forming the preputial cavity.

The mosquito fish Gambusia affinis was export to different concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2 and 4) mL/L of refinery products (kerosene, gasoline, and motor oil) under the laboratory condition. Values median lethal concentration LD50 was indicated that the fish were more sensitive to gasoline than kerosene. While least sensitivity was to motor oil. The toxicity curves indicate the gasoline was more toxicity to mosquito fish than kerosene and motor oil respectively

In this study , 80 clinical samples collected from patients including wound, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid and isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were identified . The inhibitory effects of ethyl alcohol extracts and solasodine compound of Solanum nigrum were tested on clinical isolates of the wound included: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethyl alcohol extract showed inhibitory activity on all tested bacterial Spp . All the activities were compared with a tetracycline.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the Solasodine were 8, 6, 4, 8 mg/ml respectively for S. aureus , S. epidermidis , E. coli and P. aeruginosa respectively .The results lend scientific credence to justify the use of the Solasodine compound against bacterial isolates of the wounds and some bacterial diseases

The aim of this study was to examine the acute toxicity of organophosphorous insecticide (coumaphos) in wild pigeons (Rock dove) and measure the level of liver enzyme Alanine Transaminase (ALT)in the serum of pigeons treated orally with a single dose 3mg/kg bw. of coumaphos and study the histopathological changes of central and peripheral nervous system ,liver, kidney, heart and pancreas after 3 weeks of dosing .The results showed muscarinic, nicotinic and central nervous system effects and as well as showed a significant increasing (p≤0.‏05) in the level of ALT in the serum of treated pigeons in comparism with control group .The histopathological results included degeneration of nerve fibers in sciatic nerve,spinal cord and hepatocyte also preiportal and septal fibrosis and bile duct proliferation,the kidney showed degeneration of renal tubules and separation of renal capsule

This study was carried out to see the pattern of pneumonic disease in Basrah general hospital in the two groups of patients, inpatients out patients and to see the extent of tuberculosis presented as pneumonia, not as atypical case of clinical and X-ray findings in the apices of lungs. This is prospective study for patients with typical history, signs investigation chest x-ray of pneumonia, lobar and bronchopneumonia from the period of (April 2006) to (October 2008) were included in this study, they are attending the out patient department or are admitted in the wards of the Basrah general hospital. From a total of 374 cases of pneumonia, 26 cases of TB pneumonia diagnosed. There findings did not suggest TB to start. There age range from one to 72 years, the most common age group affected was 20-40 year for both sexes, while at age group 50-70 males affected more, bronchopneumonia was comment type of pneumonia in this group recorded in 13 patients, or bronchitis in 6 patients. ESR was less than 50 mm/hr in 12 patients so it is unreliable in 50% of cases. This study show that pulmonary TB is increasing (5.36%) and it could present in pneumonia like picture not involving the typical sites (apices) even in those who are not diabetic or immune compromised.

Cryptosporidium parvum is the most frequent parasitic agent that causes diarrhoea in AIDS patients in Thailand. Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in humans may be attributed to contamination of their drinking water from infected dairy pastures. A 23-kDa glycoprotein of C. parvum (CpP23) is a sporozoite surface protein that is geographically conserved among C. parvum isolates. This glycoprotein is a potentially useful candidate antigen for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Therefore, we investigated the seroprevalence of C. parvum infection in dairy cows in northern Thailand using an ELISA based on recombinant CpP23 antigen. Sera were randomly collected from 642 dairy cows of 42 small-holder farmers, which had the top three highest number of the dairy cows' population in Northern Thailand, that included Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Lumpang provinces. The overall seroprevalence of the infection was 4.4 %, and the seropositive rates for the three provinces were 3.3 % in Chiang Mai, 5.1 % in Chiang Rai and 3 % in Lumpang. These results suggest that cattle could play a role in zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Thailand.

In 1908 a Pan-African Veterinary Conference formed part of the inauguration ceremony of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Laboratory. Attended by 18 delegates from 12 countries in southern Africa, including the four colonies and three protectorates forming British South Africa, Rhodesia, German South West Africa, Portuguese East Africa, Madagascar and the Belgian Congo, discussions focussed on the animal diseases of the region with the emphasis on trypanosomosis (nagana) and East Coast fever. The successful meeting was followed by a series of similar conferences held in different African countries during the first half of the 20th Century.

The pharmacokinetic profile and some pharmacodynamic aspects of cefquinome were studied after intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of a single dose of 2 mg kg-1 b.wt. in chickens. Tissue distribution and residues of cefquinome after repeated IM injection for 5 consecutive days were also estimated. Cefquinome was rapidly absorbed after IM and SC injection as indicated by short half-lives of absorption (t0.s(ab)) of 0.170 and 0.262 h., respectively, while the elimination half-lives (t05(el)) were 3.428 and 25.023 h., respectively. Repeated IM doses of cefquinome (2 mg kg-1 b.wt., once daily) for 5 consecutive days caused no change in serum enzyme activities of ALT and AST, but induced significant increase in serum uric acid concentration after 72 to 120 hours of administration. The withdrawal time of cefquinome from tissue of chickens is 5 days following the last dose. Cefquinome has a wide spectrum of activity against Esherchia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeroginosa.

The twinning rate in a herd of Holstein dairy cattle and its effect on lactation and calf performance was investigated by using records of 5815 calving events. Data from twin calving Holstein cows in (TEC-DAP) farm in Al-Fayum Governorate between January 1997 and April 2008 were compared to those giving singles to study the differences in subsequent milk yield, previous and subsequent lactation and dry period length, as well as calf performance. The obtained average twinning rate was 1.4% during the period of the study. Cows giving twins had a significantly (p<0.01) lower daily, peak and 305-d milk yields than those with singles. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in previous and subsequent lactation and dry period length between cows calving twins or singles. Calves born as twins were significantly (p<0.005) lighter at birth and weaning time than single calves, whereas total birth weight and total weaning weight were significantly (p<0.005) increased for twins than singles. Daily body weight gain from birth to weaning was significantly lower (p<0.005) for twin than single calves. Twinning in dairy cattle has a negative depressive effect on subsequent milk yield. Calf weight produced at weaning per cow calving can be increased in cows producing twins relative to cows producing singles. Alleviation of twinning constraints including dystocia, reduced calf survival and low reproductive performance requires improved management practices and early diagnosis of cows gestating twins in order to provide higher nutritive requirements in the last trimester of gestation and proper timing of drying off, and for higher assistance requirements at parturition. Thus, due to the increased disadvantages which did not offset the additional returns earned by calves, twinning in dairy cattle via selection or artificial induction appears not to be desirable.