Animal welfare refers to an animals capacity to navigate its life circumstances and is grounded in the "five freedoms" and ''four principles" of responsible animal care. This multidimensional construct is gaining significance across social, political, ethical, and scientific realms. However, evaluating animal welfare necessitates a consensus on its definition. Notably, dairy welfare has now been integrated into the spectrum of milk quality standards, bolstering consumer confidence in products originating from animals raised and nurtured in adherence to sound farming practices. Given the intertwined relationship between cattle and humans, prioritizing cattle health and mitigating their suffering stands as an imperative. Owing to its intricate nature, quantifying the welfare of dairy cattle is a multifaceted endeavor, relying on a range of direct and indirect metrics. The selection of welfare indicators and evaluation methodologies, therefore, embodies the foundational assumptions underlying diverse interpretations of animal welfare. The criteria should take animal welfare evaluation based on housing, environment, animal health, seasons, feed, management, etc. into consideration. The housing system is one of the most important factors to consider when assessing an animals welfare because it has an impact on the animals well-being and ability to produce.  Assessment frameworks for animal welfare within dairy farms exhibit diversity shaped by the definition of animal welfare and the intended assessment objectives. In this comprehensive review, we undertake an examination of the indicators and evaluation approaches concerning the welfare of dairy cattle,  aiming to illuminate the intricacies of this vital domain.

The aim of the study was to develop herbal yoghurt by incorporating cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) at 0.6 and 1.2 per cent level. The developed herbal yoghurt samples were analysed for physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality by standard procedures. The incorporation of cinnamon extract improved the antioxidant activity of yoghurt significantly. The antioxidant activity of control and cinnamon incorporated yoghurt (0.6 and 1.2 per cent) were 28. 12±2. 16, 44.87+2.16 and 54.77±2.16 per cent, respectively. A decline in antioxidant activity was observed in all yoghurt samples after the third day of storage. No significant difference in fat and total solids content was observed in yoghurt samples incorporated with cinnamon extract. The sensory scores of yoghurt incorporated with 0.6 per cent cinnamon extract were significantly higher than that of control. The study revealed that cinnamon extract can be incorporated into yoghurt to enhance the antioxidant activity without compromising the sensory quality.

Intelligent spoilage indicators are the emerging area of food packaging sector as it can provide information on quality of food during storage and transportation. The present research work was aimed to develop an anthocyanin based food spoilage indicator to detect spoilage in dairy products. Anthocyanin was extracted from the peels of dragon fruit, incorporated into filter paper and used as food spoilage sensing agent. Dragon fruit peel extract showed a characteristic peak of absorption at 537nm and was found to have 141.21±3.9 mg/g of total anthocyanin content and 46.8 ± 0.98 mg/g GAE of phenolic compounds. The pH sensitivity of the dragon fruit peel extract and indicator film were quite similar with the colour change from red to yellow as the pH increases. The indicator film was effective insignalling the quality deteriorations occurring in stored paneer and khoa.

This  research  study  was  undertaken  to  find out  the  Participation  pattern and information sharing behaviour of farmers in WhatsApp social media. The data were collected by both interview method and participant observation technique. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics; association with participation pattern and the variables were captured by using chi square and Mann Whitney U test; relationship between selected independent variables and tendency to access and share information in WhatsApp group was studied using logistic regression model. The results revealed that 51.70 % of the farmers used WhatsApp mainly for sharing of farm related information, had a WhatsApp usage period of ranging from 0.3 to 10 years, possess membership in seven groups and as group admin in more than one group with 10 to 360 minutes time spent per day. Selected independent variables viz., type of group, number of membership and admin status, WhatsApp and internet usage period, relationship with group members, role in content generation, age and involvement in specialized farming all together explained 60 per cent of variations in tendency to access and share information in social media.

Rabies in dogs can be diagnosed by ante-mortem examination that plays an important role in early identification of infection in dogs. An unvaccinated 4 month old male dog was admitted in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex at Madras Veterinary College with the clinical symptoms of respiratory distress, paresis, anorectic hyperesthesia, relaxed rectal sphincter, hypothermia, congested mucous membrane, frothy salivation, brownish diarrhoea.  It was suspected for Rabies and was admitted in the rabies ward unit. The dog was screened for rabies viral antigen in salivary smear and corneal impression smears and confirmed for rabies by FAT in ante-mortem examination. After 2 days, death of animal was confirmed for rabies by post-mortem examination by Williams Modified Van Gieson’s Staining method. The results confirmed the presence of rabies  in that animal.

A cow was presented with an avulsed horn in the right orbit following fight with another cow. The plain radiography could not confirm the depth or shape of the lodged foreign body as the presence of bony orbit impaired the visualisation of the shape of less radiopaque horn shell. Contrast radiography was performed using 5 ml diluted iohexol. This helped in ascertaining the depth of the foreign body and shape of the end of the foreign body and the possible damage to the underlying tissues. The bony orbit was intact. The horn was removed under auriculopalpebral and retrobulbar nerve block. But there was irreparable damage to the eye, progressive shrinkage of extraocular muscles leading to enophthalmos and downward deviation of the eye ball. This is the first reported case of contrast radiography of an avulsed horn in the orbit of a cow.

An 8-year-old male kathiawari horse was presented to Large Animal Surgery Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, with a history of cloudiness and lacrimation of the right eye with worm crawling for the past 3 days. Ophthalmic examination revealed a thread like worm swimming inside the anterior chamber of eye and mild opacity was noticed in the right eye. Under xylazine-ketamine general anaesthesia and proparacaine topical analgesia, the worm was surgical removed by needle paracentesis. Postoperatively, the horse was administered antibiotics and anti-inflammatories along with inj. Tetanus toxoid. The horse was dewormed with oral ivermectin. A complete resolution of lacrimation and corneal opacity was noticed on 20th postoperative day.

Pneumovagina is a prevalent condition in older Thoroughbred mares, characterized by the abnormal entry of air into the vagina which leads to chronic endometritis. Poor vulvar conformation in such mares predisposes them to infections, leading to chronic reproductive issues like subfertility. The mare was presented with history of purulent vaginal discharge and inappetence for past one week. Based on the physical, clinical and ultrasonographic examinations, the condition was confirmed as pneumovagina with uterine distension and endometritis. The treatment included antibiotics based on microbial sensitivity, uterine lavage, and performed Caslick’s operation, where the vulvar lips were surgically sutured and reduced the length and diameter of vulva. After postoperative therapy, the mare recovered uneventfully. A follow-up wind-sucker test was negative, and there were no signs of pneumovagina. Caslick’s operation proved to be a successful intervention for managing recurrent endometritis due to pneumovagina in Thoroughbred mares. This case emphasizes the importance of timely surgical correction in preventing further reproductive complications.

Brown seaweeds contain exclusive and enriched source of health promoting bioactive metabolites especially dietary fibre, antioxidants, essential amino acids, short chain fatty acids and minerals that helps in regulating and improving the gut microbiota and gut health. Threonine was found to be the predominant essential amino acids in S. tenerrimum (2.14±0.67 g/100g). The presence of n-3 long chain PUFA and the low ratio of n6:n3 fatty acid in S. tenerrimum (0.28) suggests it to serve as an ideal ingredient in preparation of low fat meat products. The Na/K ratio being 0.25 in S. tenerrimum could be of interest from a nutritional point of view as a balanced Na/K ratio is important to control hypertension. The mineral profile of S. tenerrimum suggests its suitability in preparation of low salt meat foods. The results of chemical profile of S. tenerrimum identifies it to act as an ideal functional source of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and anti-oxidants in meat products which will help to alleviate the ill effects of nutritional deficiencies.

A biological experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding of whole  paddy  grain on the  haematological  and intestinal  histomorphology  studies in broiler chicken. A total of 144 broilers were individually weighed, wing banded and randomly allotted on a weight equalization basis to 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates in each treatment group with 12 chicks in each replicate. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous treatment rations containing whole paddy grain at levels of 0 % (T1), 5 % (T2), 10% (T3) and 15% (T4) of the total ration at the expense of maize were formulated. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in packed cell volume %,  haemoglobin  concentration,  total  erythrocyte  count  and  total  leucocyte  count among treatment groups and control. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in intestinal length and weight between control and treatment groups. Intestinal histomorphology of duodenum recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher villi height in T4 (692.02 µm) than T1 (534.12 µm) and significantly (P<0.05) higher villi height: crypt depth ratio was recorded in T4 (18.88 µm) than T2 (12.77 µm) however, no significant (P>0.05) difference was recorded in villi width, crypt depth, villi surface area. In jejunum, no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in villi height, villi width, crypt depth and villi surface area but villi height: crypt depth ratio recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher values in T3 (14.51 µm) than T1 (8.57µm) group. In ileum, no significant (P>0.05) difference was recorded in villi height, crypt depth, villi surface area and villi height: crypt depth ratio but villi width recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher value in T2 (53.66µm) than T1(32.74 µm) group. The findings of this study indicated more favourable outcomes in the treatment groups compared to the control group, suggesting that inclusion of whole paddy grain up to 15% in broiler chicken ration had no negative effect on intestinal and haematological parameters.