Animal welfare refers to an animals capacity to navigate its life circumstances and is grounded in the "five freedoms" and ''four principles" of responsible animal care. This multidimensional construct is gaining significance across social, political, ethical, and scientific realms. However, evaluating animal welfare necessitates a consensus on its definition. Notably, dairy welfare has now been integrated into the spectrum of milk quality standards, bolstering consumer confidence in products originating from animals raised and nurtured in adherence to sound farming practices. Given the intertwined relationship between cattle and humans, prioritizing cattle health and mitigating their suffering stands as an imperative. Owing to its intricate nature, quantifying the welfare of dairy cattle is a multifaceted endeavor, relying on a range of direct and indirect metrics. The selection of welfare indicators and evaluation methodologies, therefore, embodies the foundational assumptions underlying diverse interpretations of animal welfare. The criteria should take animal welfare evaluation based on housing, environment, animal health, seasons, feed, management, etc. into consideration. The housing system is one of the most important factors to consider when assessing an animals welfare because it has an impact on the animals well-being and ability to produce.  Assessment frameworks for animal welfare within dairy farms exhibit diversity shaped by the definition of animal welfare and the intended assessment objectives. In this comprehensive review, we undertake an examination of the indicators and evaluation approaches concerning the welfare of dairy cattle,  aiming to illuminate the intricacies of this vital domain.

The aim of the study was to develop herbal yoghurt by incorporating cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) at 0.6 and 1.2 per cent level. The developed herbal yoghurt samples were analysed for physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality by standard procedures. The incorporation of cinnamon extract improved the antioxidant activity of yoghurt significantly. The antioxidant activity of control and cinnamon incorporated yoghurt (0.6 and 1.2 per cent) were 28. 12±2. 16, 44.87+2.16 and 54.77±2.16 per cent, respectively. A decline in antioxidant activity was observed in all yoghurt samples after the third day of storage. No significant difference in fat and total solids content was observed in yoghurt samples incorporated with cinnamon extract. The sensory scores of yoghurt incorporated with 0.6 per cent cinnamon extract were significantly higher than that of control. The study revealed that cinnamon extract can be incorporated into yoghurt to enhance the antioxidant activity without compromising the sensory quality.

Intelligent spoilage indicators are the emerging area of food packaging sector as it can provide information on quality of food during storage and transportation. The present research work was aimed to develop an anthocyanin based food spoilage indicator to detect spoilage in dairy products. Anthocyanin was extracted from the peels of dragon fruit, incorporated into filter paper and used as food spoilage sensing agent. Dragon fruit peel extract showed a characteristic peak of absorption at 537nm and was found to have 141.21±3.9 mg/g of total anthocyanin content and 46.8 ± 0.98 mg/g GAE of phenolic compounds. The pH sensitivity of the dragon fruit peel extract and indicator film were quite similar with the colour change from red to yellow as the pH increases. The indicator film was effective insignalling the quality deteriorations occurring in stored paneer and khoa.

This field study was designed as a cohort (prospective) and involved 71 calves within the borders of Aydın Province. Each calf in the study was from one of three different farms (Farm A with 12 non-infectious diarrheic, 15 infectious diarrheic, Farm B with 13 non-infectious diarrheic, 19 infectious diarrheic, and Farm C as the healthy control group n=12). Serum samples were separated into Eppendorf tubes after centrifugation and stored in a -80 °C freezer until analysis. The competitive enzyme immunoassay technique was applied using the Bovine Diamine Oxidase ELISA test. Diamine Oxidase (ng/mL) measurements in infectious, non-infectious, and healthy calves were determined to be 6.52 ± 2.85, 7.16 ± 3.40, and 17.05 ± 2.63 (p< 0.001), respectively, in terms of mean ± standard error. The data obtained suggest that determining circulating diamine oxidase enzyme levels under field conditions can support diagnosis as a biological marker of intestinal permeability, and more prominently, diamine oxidase activity may decrease in both non-infectious and infectious diarrheic calves in relation to small intestinal mucosal damage. This could represent a step closer to the diagnosis of leaky gut in calves.

Infections with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 can lead to severe health complications. This pathogen is commonly found in contaminated meat and fresh produce, posing significant public health risks. The Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method offers a rapid and accessible alternative to conventional nucleic acid amplification techniques, making it particularly suitable for on-site diagnostic systems. This study aimed to design a quick method using LAMP to detect the rfbE gene of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli ATCC 43888 was used as the positive control, while Candida albicans ATCC 10231, E. coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 served as negative controls. Positive and negative controls were tested 10 times each for both analyses. Following DNA isolation, real-time PCR and LAMP were performed and compared with culture methods. For the positive control strain (E. coli ATCC 43888) at 10 CFU/mL, positivity was detected in 8 out of 10 samples by real-time PCR and in 7 out of 10 samples by LAMP. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of LAMP and real-time PCR were 95.00%–96.67%, 100%–100%, 94.34%–96.15%, and 100%–100%, respectively. In conclusion, our study successfully developed a rfbE gene-specific LAMP kit for E. coli O157, demonstrating comparable sensitivity and specificity to real-time PCR and culture methods. This kit can be effectively utilized in resource-limited settings.

This study investigated the prevalence of dental diseases in cats, with a focus on the distribution of age and gender among effected individuals. A total of 50 cats were included, comprising 21 females (42%) and 29 males (58%). Age distribution revealed that 24 cats (48%) were kitten (0-11 months), 22 (44%) were adults (1-5 years), and 4 (8%) were elderly (≥6 years). Comprehensive clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed to assess the condition of the pulp, resorption, and the overall dental health, including the status of deciduous and permanent teeth, tooth mobility, dental plaque, halitosis, salivation, and mucous membrane appearance. The condition and number of deciduous and permanent teeth, mobility of teeth, dental plaque status, bad breath, salivation, and the appearance of mucous membranes were assessed.  The findings showed that 44 cats (88%) presented with at least one dental disease, affecting a total of 125 teeth. Alarmingly, none of the owners practiced routine oral or dental care for their cats, and only a minority had any awareness of feline dental health. These results underscore the widespread neglect of oral hygiene in cats and highlight the urgent need for educational initiatives to improve awareness and management of feline dental health in the general population.

The current study aims to examine the occurrence and antibiotic susceptabilities including methicillin resistance of S. aureus in pet cats oral and nasal svabs and to assess their potential role in the epidemiology for antibiotic resistance. Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal bacterium found in the skin, nasal microbiota,  mucose membrans and respiratory tracts of humans and animals especially dogs and cats, respectively. This trend of increasing pet ownership has raised concerns about the potential for companion animals to spread zoonotic infections, including S. aureus. A total of 12 (%25) S. aureus isolates were obtained and identified as bright zoned black colonies on RPF-BP agar from 48 nasal and oral swabs collected from cats. According to the evaluation of methicillin susceptibility using the disk diffusion test following the EUCAST method, 2 S. aureus isolates were found to be methicillin-resistant. All S. aureus strains isolated were determined to be susceptible to vancomycin. In the double-disk diffusion test conducted to determine susceptibility to erythromycin and clindamycin, one (1) of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates also exhibited resistance to both erythromycin and clindamycin. In the PCR test, among the 2 methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, 2 contained the mecC gene, while mecA gene was not found. Considering that these animals are pets, it suggests that they could transmit MRSA bacteria to their owners or other individuals through various routes such as biting, licking, and close contact. These results are of significant importance from a public health perspective, especially one health perspective.

In this study, we aimed to assess the protective capacity of the eggshell against radiation and the impact of ionizing radiation on the embryonic development process in quail eggs exposed to varying doses of radiation during incubation. A total of 740 quail eggs were divided into six groups, each exposed to different doses of ionizing radiation. Throughout the incubation period, we monitored hatching rates and examined hatched chicks for potential pathologies. Additionally, over six months, we conducted routine weekly examinations and observed the sexual activity of mature quails. At the study's conclusion, clinical pathology was not observed, and there were no mass mortalities. Quails whose laying activities were monitored exhibited normal sexual behavior. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in hatching rates among the main study groups (p<0.001). Specifically, Group VI, exposed to the highest levels of X-rays, exhibited significantly lower hatching rates compared to Groups I and V (p<0.001). These findings suggest that the quail eggshell provides some protection against ionizing radiation, as evidenced by the absence of anomalies and the high hatching rates observed in the chicks.

ABSTRACT Laboratory animals have frequently been used in scientific and preclinical pharmaceutical drug safety and efficacy research. Although the introduction of new in silico assays and computer modeling for drug discovery has shown promise in reducing laboratory animal trials, there is still a need to develop in vitro alternatives to in vivo animal models. The in vitro spheroid wound model is one of the best options for developing alternative techniques to animal research as it is the most widely used laboratory animal model. The aim of the study is to using 3D in vitro wound modeling as an alternative to in vivo wound healing assays. In the study, a three-dimensional cell culture (organoid culture) with cell/cell and cell/matrix junctions was generated using the most common Fibroblast and HaCaT cell lines hanging drop technique to replicate the healing stages in the injured skin area. After spheroid epidermal structures were formed, inhibitors and activators were added to the culture medium and their effects on the wound line and 3D cells produced were determined. It was noted that the number of spheroid structures increased significantly and cell-cell interactions became visible in the additional activator groups compared to the control groups. When the inhibitor-treated group was compared with the control groups, it was observed that the formed structures completely disappeared or decreased in amount and cell-cell interactions could not be established. In conclusion, this study offers an alternative to using laboratory animals to evaluate potential medicines and/or extracts in wound healing experiments.

The concept of hygiene has become more important today due to pandemic infections. Many products on the market have been licensed, but whose antibacterial effectiveness has not been checked later. For this reason, the study aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of surface disinfectants available in the market for public and personal use, based on the international standard. Eight different surface disinfectants, licensed from the authority and for public and personal use, were collected and processed without any dilution (100%). In the study, standard strains Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 10536), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeroginosa) (ATCC 15442) were used. Exposure conditions; it was done for 5 minutes and under clean conditions (0.3 g/L bovine albumin solution) at room temperature (22-24℃). It was determined that the eight surface disinfectants included in the study showed different levels of antibacterial activity. When the logarithm differences and antibacterial activities of surface disinfectants are examined as percentages; while the logarithm difference of three disinfectants against the three bacteria examined was ≥ 5; the logarithm difference of five disinfectants against two bacteria is ≥ 5; the percentage of those effective against all three bacteria was 37.5%; the percentage of those effective against both bacteria was found to be 62.5%. Due to the improprieties detected in the antibacterial activities of the surface disinfectants examined, when their antibacterial activities are examined, although they are licensed, it is seen that the products do not provide the specified antibacterial activity. The selection of disinfectants used to neutralize bacteria that cause infections, the determination of their antibacterial activities, and the sustainability of the determined antibacterial activity are of great importance. For this reason, it is necessary to check the antibacterial activities of disinfectants even after the registration stage and to select disinfectants according to their effectiveness to prevent infections.