The aim of the present work was to describe the way of creating chosen interactiveand animated three-dimensional anatomic virtual models of particular parts of birds'skeleton. These models can be used for teaching purposes in anatomy courses toassist veterinary students, and veterinarians to know the different structures ofbirds’ bones without dissection. We used available multimedia technologies todevelop a simple computer program for visualization and annotation of threedimensional duck skeleton. The entire program involves three-dimensional realisticobjects, description texts, and images, in addition to quizzes for users' selfassessment. Addressing the anatomical structures made the program more useful topromote knowledge, enhance and facilitate teaching and learning of birds’osteology for veterinary students.

Diabetes is characterized by hyperphagia, and polydypsia. However, the mechanisms by which diabetes produces these effects are not clear. This study was conducted to examine changes in serum insulin and leptin levels in induced-type 1 diabetes mellitus in relation to concomitant changes in body weight, glycemic state and lipid profiles in rats. Moreover, we aimed to clarify that the treatment with lipoic acid (LA) is capable of reversing these effects or not. Ninety-six male rats were divided into 3 groups, control group (32 rats) was considered as normal non-diabetic, 64 rats were subcutaneously injected with alloxan (120 mg/kg.b.wt) for induction of diabetes. Then the diabetic rats were divided into two equal subgroups, the first is diabetic group that was not treated with LA, and the other is LA-treated diabetic group that was treated with LA at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt / day for four weeks. Body weight, serum lipid profile, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment– insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and leptin were measured. The data showed significant increase in serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and glucose levels as well as HOMA-IR while significant decrease in the mean body weight gain, serum insulin and leptin levels in diabetic group in comparison with control group. The treatment with lipoic acid led to significant decrease in serum fasting and postprandial glucose, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels as well as slight decreased HOMA-IR with significant increased levels of serum insulin and leptin in comparison with diabetic group. It could be concluded that alloxan-induced diabetes led to hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipideamia and hypoleptinamia. Moreover, treatment with lipoic acid ameliorates these changes and improves insulin sensitivity.

The present work was done to investigate the interrelationship between the ovarian activity and each of seasonal environment, hormonal pattern, age and body condition scores(BCS) in shecamel. Over a period of one year (November 2005– October 2006), jugular blood samples were collected from 320 she-camel (5-20 years old) in Cairo–slaughter house during their antimortum inspection and body condition was scored. Immediately, after slaughter both ovaries were individually collected and morphometric findings were recorded. The results of hormonal assay including estrogen (E), progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were recorded. The obtained hormonal levels were studied in relation to the ovarian findings and seasonal variation. Moreover the ovarian activity was studied in relation to age and BCS. According to the ovarian findings and hormonal levels, there is clear breeding season in dromedary camel extended from November to April under Egyptian conditions. Otherwise, the period from May to October (non-breeding season) has a lower ovarian activity and concomitant with lower hormonal levels. She-camel reaches its maturity later and has a higher longevity than cattle. The best reproductive capacity of she-camel are found within 8-15 years of age (BCS,2.92±0.21).

This study was done to evaluate and study the decaying curve of IBD MDAbs of the native chicken breeds including (Fayoumi, Dandrawi, Senawi and Baladi) were taken in consideration as compared with (Lohmann white) layer type breed. The results showed that the decline of maternal immunity of IBDV in Lohmann is the faster followed by Senawi, Baladi, Fayoumi and Dandrawi and the 1 day IBD ELISA titers were shown to be nearly equal in Senawi (5449 ± 371) and Lohmann (4536±437) and titer of Baladi chicks was close to the for mentioned two breeds (5327±371), the Dandrawi (4649±331) and Fayoumi (4596±857) are lower but close to each other. The standard deviation (SD) values recorded in Fayoumi breed showed great variation in the recorded titers, while of the other 4 groups seamed to be homogenous. Comparing the 22 day decline manner in titer it was clear that the loss in titer in Fayoumi (3494) and Lohmann (3413) was nearly equal and followed by Dandrawi (3093) and Baladi (2972) those showing lower titers. The recorded unprotected titer ≤ 400 was detected at 43 days in Lohmann, Baladi and Senawi, 37 days in Dandrawi and 31 in Fayoumi. Percentage of decline from its original values showed that Fayoumi last (75.95%) at 22 days followed by (66.53%) in Dandrawi followed by (62.78%) Lohmann,(55.79) Baladi and (55.19) Senawi. Different breeds showed different slope values that indicate differences in the decay of maternal antibodies. The predication of antibody titer for each breed as the slope in decline curve in Lohmann chicks showed highest values followed by Dandrawi chicks while the Fayoumi and Baladi were as the same values and on the other hand the Senawi showed the lowest value.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of boron supplementation in ration of rams on their productive activity and semen quality. For that purpose, twelve rams were divided into two groups (6 rams/ each). Rams of the first control group were fed the basal ration. Concerning the second group (boron group), the rams were fed the basal ration plus 400 mg boric acid (BA) / kg diet as a source of boron. The rams in both groups fed their corresponding ration for 4 months ad libitum. Blood samples were collected monthly throughout the experimental period. Semen samples were collected at the 12th and 16th weeks of the experiment. The results clarified that the serum levels of tetraiodotyrosine (T4) were observed to be elevated significantly (P<0.05) with growing of age in the rams fed B, but they didn't change in the control group. In addition, the semen quality was maintained normal with boronsupplementation as the individual sperm motilities and live/dead sperm cells percentages were similar to control. Also, boronsupplementation didn't induce any adverse effects on the serum levels of Mg when compared to control group. Thus, boronis considered a potential and useful supplement in ration of rams to improve the thyroid activities and didn't induce any adverse effects on either semen quality or serum magnesium level in rams.

The current study was performed to evaluate the effect of acute and chronichepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol and thioacetamide respectively on serumhormonal levels and biochemical parameters. Female Wistar albino rats weredivided into 3 equal groups (C), (P) and (T). Group (C) were kept as control,group (P) were received paracetamol orally (500 mg/kg b.wt) daily for 15 daysand those of group (T) were injected thioacetamide (200 mg/kg b.wt)intraperitonialy twice/ week for 90 days. In P group, results revealed significantelevation in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP), T4, insulin (7th day),estrogen (7th and 15th days), triglycerides (7th day) and cholesterol levelsthroughout the experiment while serum proteins and T4 (15th day) showedsignificant decreased values. Whereas, at 90th days of chronic intoxicated group(T) resulted in significant elevation in liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST andALP), bilirubin, estrogen, T4, triglycerides (60th and 90th days) and T3 (120thday). While the levels of T4 and cortisol (60th day), serum total protein, albumin,globulin (90th day) and insulin (120th day) showed significant decreased valueswhen compared to control group. In conclusion, both paracetamol andthioacetamide cause different degrees of damage in liver of rats leading to clearchanges in their hormonal and biochemical profiles.

In the present study, a total number of 1576 livers of ruminants, including cattle (924), sheep (487) and camels (165) were examined for detection of different pathogenic agents. Among those, a number of 58 cases (3.68 %) were infected with both parasites and bacteria. Out of this number, 3 cases only (0.19 %) were infected with bacterial species (Lactobacillus lactis lactis), 31 cases (1.97 %) were infected with parasitic stages only and a number of 24 cases (1.52 %) were co-infected with both bacteria and parasites. Among the bacterial isolates, 11 genera of bacterial species were found in 27 cases. The obtained results revealed that, all infected cases were cattle. The most prevalent isolate was Enterococcus species which present in 7 cases (25.92 %) among the totally bacterial infected cases, followed by 5 cases showed Staphylococci (18.52 %), then both genus Escherichia and genus Lactobacillus, each was found in 4 cases (14.81 %) and finally 7 genera including;Enterobacter,Micrococcus,Citrobacter,Aerococcus,Pseudomonas,Chrysomonas and Streptococcus; each was found in a single case with a percentage of 3.70 %. Concerning the parasitic affections, it has been found that Fasciola species was the most prevalent type of helminthes present in the infected livers. Among all infected livers, 40 cases (2.54 %) were infected with adult Fasciola gigantica (including 33 cattle and 7 sheep), followed by 8 cases of camels (0.51 %) infected with Hydatid cysts, then 4 cases of sheep (0.25 %) infected with Cysticercus tenuicollis and finally 3 cases of sheep (0.19 %) infected with both Fasciola gigantica and Cysticercus tenuicollis. The results revealed that, a considerable high number of co-infected animals {24 cases (41.38 %) among the totally infected animals} was existed and this reveals that the parasite facilitates the way to the secondary bacterial infection with the end results of hepatic tissue degeneration and necrosis. So, in abattoirs, great attention must be taken for appropriate evaluation of these pathogenic sources.

In veterinary clinics, veterinarians are faced with several conditions that affect the skin, and among them are the wounds that are caused by burns, traumas, surgeries or infections. Wounds are a significant source of animal welfare problems and represent an inconvenience to animals and owners due to the multiple applications of their treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new biocompatible materials capable of accelerating wound healing. In this context, biomaterials have arisen, and more precisely biological membranes, which is a polymeric device used for treating wounds and have been gaining relevance in the scientific community for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. They often do not require daily reapplications, thus representing a good alternative to topical formulations such as ointments, creams and sprays. This review aimed to address the use of biological membranes in skin wound healing, facilitating understanding by veterinarians and highlighting recent studies using this group of biomaterials in healing skin wounds in animals.

The present study aimed to ellucidate the prenatal developmental stages of the submandibular salivary gland of the New-Zealand rabbits. To conduct that, twenty New-Zealand rabbit fetuses ranged from 11 to 30 days-old were used. The head region of fetuses and gland specimens were fixed, processed and stained with histological stains to be examined by light microscope. The submandibular primordia was firstly seen at the 12th day of the prenatal life as bilateral invaginated epithelial buds from the linguo-gingival groove. At 15 days-old , such buds continued deep down growth forming cord-like structure ended by compact bulges that forming the future primitive acini. At 17 days, such cords were branched off forming the future primary ducts. Canalization of the ducts appeared at 18 days. At 22 days, the primitive capsule initiated around the gland and the lobulation was recognized. At 25 days, the capsule became well developed, the duct system was completed and the parenchyma occupied by serous adenomeres surrounded by myoepithelial cells. At the full term, the submandibular gland became fully developed and became typically compound tubulo-acinar nature, the parenchyma showed seromucoidadenomeres. Strong positive PAS reaction was noticed in the striated ducts, while the cytoplasm of the acinar cells reacted weakly

The objective of this work was to estimate the lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) levels in drinking water, layer feed and muscle samples were collected during winter season from two layer farms which present at two different areas, non industrial area (Integrated poultry project in El-Azab) and industrial area (Kom Oshim) in Tamia district in El-Fayoum province, Egypt. All samples will be analyzed to determine the translocations of heavy metals from water and feed to the bird's muscle. The results explained that the mean metal concentrations in the different samples of selected poultry farms are Pb (1.1034±0.097, 1.173±0.129), (2.891±0.194, 3.182±0.28) and (0.071±0.03, 0.099±0.0396 ppm). Cd (0.419±0.004, 0.389±0.017), (0.508±0.017, 0.5854±0.003) and (0.005±0.0013, 0.0125±0.003 ppm). Cu (5.9±2.1, 0.8596±0.054), (9.15±1.202, 14.75±0.417) and (0.0442±0.0075, 0.03032±0.004 ppm). Zn (14.50±1.285, 13.628±1.053), (57.605±3.06, 58.319±0.73) and (0.0668±0.018, 0.016±0.00498 ppm). Fe (171.011±79.6, 186.74±72.65), (153.58±15.3, 124.12±3.26) and (0.013±0.008 ppm, ND). And Mn (3.187±1.539, 1.398±0.768), (84.98±5.676, 85.884±1.07) and (0.0056±0.0037ppm, ND) for muscle, layer feeds and drinking water which were collected from non industrial area and industrial area in ElFayoum province, Egypt, respectively. These data indicated that Pb and Cd in muscle, layer feeds and drinking water collected from industrial area were higher than that collected from non industrial area. Also these metals residual concentrations particularly in layer muscle and drinking water were more than the permissible limits.