The concept of hygiene has become more important today due to pandemic infections. Many products on the market have been licensed, but whose antibacterial effectiveness has not been checked later. For this reason, the study aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of surface disinfectants available in the market for public and personal use, based on the international standard. Eight different surface disinfectants, licensed from the authority and for public and personal use, were collected and processed without any dilution (100%). In the study, standard strains Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 10536), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeroginosa) (ATCC 15442) were used. Exposure conditions; it was done for 5 minutes and under clean conditions (0.3 g/L bovine albumin solution) at room temperature (22-24℃). It was determined that the eight surface disinfectants included in the study showed different levels of antibacterial activity. When the logarithm differences and antibacterial activities of surface disinfectants are examined as percentages; while the logarithm difference of three disinfectants against the three bacteria examined was ≥ 5; the logarithm difference of five disinfectants against two bacteria is ≥ 5; the percentage of those effective against all three bacteria was 37.5%; the percentage of those effective against both bacteria was found to be 62.5%. Due to the improprieties detected in the antibacterial activities of the surface disinfectants examined, when their antibacterial activities are examined, although they are licensed, it is seen that the products do not provide the specified antibacterial activity. The selection of disinfectants used to neutralize bacteria that cause infections, the determination of their antibacterial activities, and the sustainability of the determined antibacterial activity are of great importance. For this reason, it is necessary to check the antibacterial activities of disinfectants even after the registration stage and to select disinfectants according to their effectiveness to prevent infections.

Ruminal acidosis is a metabolic disorder that affects ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats, due to a pH imbalance in the rumen. The rumen has a diverse population of microorganisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism, with anaerobic microorganisms in the rumen and cecum playing a crucial role. During healthy rumen metabolism, microbial fermentation produces volatile fatty acids, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Excessive intake of feeds with high soluble carbohydrate content can cause ruminal acidosis by altering the ratio of volatile fatty acids produced through microbial fermentation, which in turn changes the rumen pH. Acidosis is defined as a decrease in the alkalinity of body fluids relative to their acid content. The pH of body fluids may or may not decrease during acidosis, depending on the degree of bicarbonate compensation. Impaired central nervous system function can occur even if blood pH remains stable due to low bicarbonate concentrations, which are buffered by bicarbonate. While a blood pH below 7.35 is required for a clinical diagnosis of acidosis, other clinical signs such as ruminal pH, anorexia, variable feed intake, diarrhea, and lethargy are commonly used to diagnose acidosis in beef cattle.

Aegle marmelos, commonly known as Bael or Bengal quince, is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae. The leaves of Aegle marmelos are rich in bioactive compounds and are traditionally used in various herbal remedies. Medicinal properties of Aegle marmelos leaves include antidiarrheal, antipyretic, ulcer healing, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities. Rutin is a flavonoid, specifically a glycoside of quercetin extracted from leaves of bael. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos, collected from Ethno Veterinary Herbal Garden of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu was subjected to High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to quantify rutin, a flavonoid from this plant. The study revealed that Aegle marmelos sample was found to contain rutin @ 272.2 ,ug per 100 mg of sample.

Curcuma longa rhizome is the source of turmeric. Curcumin exhibits some encouraging antiparasitic properties in helminths. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of curcumin in Toxocara canis eggs in vitro. Curcumin dilutions (36.8 mg/ml, 18.4 mg/ml and 3.6 mg/ml) were prepared by adding RPMI-1640. The eggs and hatched infective-stage larvae were incubated with curcumin dilutions for 6, 12 or 24 hours. The ovicidal activity was evaluated after 28 days. Larvicidal activity was assessed after completing each incubation time. In the present study, no changes in the eggshell structure were observed in all curcumin groups. The lowest embryogenesis rate (75%) was observed only at the highest curcumin dilution (36.8 mg/ml) at the 12- and 24-hour incubations, but the difference was not found statistically significant. No significant larvicidal effect of curcumin was detected. The percentage of moving larvae was 80% at 12 hours and 76% at 24 hours in the highest curcumin dilution (36.8 mg/ml). T. canis larvae survived in RPMI-1640 for four days after being incubated with 36.8 mg/ml curcumin for 24 hours. However, the untreated larvae were still active at this time. Further studies focusing on the migration of T. canis infective larvae in animal models may shed light on the effect of curcumin, which is rapidly metabolized in the body and absorbed at low levels from the intestine, on the migrating larva.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal systemic viral disease that affects all cat breeds and has two distinc forms: effusive and non-effusive. In the effusive form, there is a common type of vasculitis that causes extravasation of fibrin-rich fluid, resulting in the accumulation of yellow exudative fluid in the body cavities. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the organ distribution and severity of the pathological alterations associated with granuloma and vasculitis. It also seeks to describe FIPV antigen localization in FIP lesions. For this purpose, necropsies were performed on eight cats suspected of having died from FIP at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kırıkkale University. Tissue samples were routinely processed for immunohistochemical analysis. FIPV antigen was detected using immunoperoxidase staining, and the immunopositivity of vasculitic and granulomatous lesions in various organs was evaluated semi-quantitatively for each tissue sample. In effusive FIP cases, peritoneal fluid accumulation was significantly more common, and the lesions were characterized by granulomas progressing through the serosa of the intestine, kidney and liver. Vasculitis lesions, usually affecting small and medium-sized vessels, were characterized by endothelial hypertrophy and swelling, edema and hyalinization of the muscular layer, and adventitial neutrophil leukocyte and macrophage infiltration. Granulomas were characterized by microscopic findings with dense infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes around a few thrombotic and/or degenerative vessels in the center. In the examined cases, FIPV antigen immunopositivity varied according to the organ involvement in each case, but was frequently concentrated around the periphery rather than in the center of vasculitis and granulomatous lesions.

This review addresses the genetic basis of cardiovascular disease in dogs, with a particular focus on mitral valve insufficiency (MVI), which is common in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel breed. MVI is a common degenerative heart disease, especially in small breed dogs, which progresses with age. Genetic predisposition plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of heart disease, and is also important for both early diagnosis and long-term treatment strategies. In the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel breed, polygenic inheritance and loci identification have been reported to be associated with early onset of the disease. In this study, the stages and clinical, echocardiographic and radiologic findings of MVI were detailed in line with the classification systems proposed by ISACH and ACVIM, and also modern diagnostic methods and clinical use of biomarkers were discussed. In addition, the contribution of proteomic research to the understanding of cardiac pathophysiology was emphasized and its relationship with platelet function and coagulation processes in heart failure was evaluated. In conclusion, it is suggested that further studies at the genetic and molecular level will provide innovative approaches in the fields of diagnosis, treatment and preventive medicine in veterinary cardiology practice.

Animal welfare refers to an animals capacity to navigate its life circumstances and is grounded in the "five freedoms" and ''four principles" of responsible animal care. This multidimensional construct is gaining significance across social, political, ethical, and scientific realms. However, evaluating animal welfare necessitates a consensus on its definition. Notably, dairy welfare has now been integrated into the spectrum of milk quality standards, bolstering consumer confidence in products originating from animals raised and nurtured in adherence to sound farming practices. Given the intertwined relationship between cattle and humans, prioritizing cattle health and mitigating their suffering stands as an imperative. Owing to its intricate nature, quantifying the welfare of dairy cattle is a multifaceted endeavor, relying on a range of direct and indirect metrics. The selection of welfare indicators and evaluation methodologies, therefore, embodies the foundational assumptions underlying diverse interpretations of animal welfare. The criteria should take animal welfare evaluation based on housing, environment, animal health, seasons, feed, management, etc. into consideration. The housing system is one of the most important factors to consider when assessing an animals welfare because it has an impact on the animals well-being and ability to produce.  Assessment frameworks for animal welfare within dairy farms exhibit diversity shaped by the definition of animal welfare and the intended assessment objectives. In this comprehensive review, we undertake an examination of the indicators and evaluation approaches concerning the welfare of dairy cattle,  aiming to illuminate the intricacies of this vital domain.

The aim of the study was to develop herbal yoghurt by incorporating cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) at 0.6 and 1.2 per cent level. The developed herbal yoghurt samples were analysed for physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality by standard procedures. The incorporation of cinnamon extract improved the antioxidant activity of yoghurt significantly. The antioxidant activity of control and cinnamon incorporated yoghurt (0.6 and 1.2 per cent) were 28. 12±2. 16, 44.87+2.16 and 54.77±2.16 per cent, respectively. A decline in antioxidant activity was observed in all yoghurt samples after the third day of storage. No significant difference in fat and total solids content was observed in yoghurt samples incorporated with cinnamon extract. The sensory scores of yoghurt incorporated with 0.6 per cent cinnamon extract were significantly higher than that of control. The study revealed that cinnamon extract can be incorporated into yoghurt to enhance the antioxidant activity without compromising the sensory quality.

Intelligent spoilage indicators are the emerging area of food packaging sector as it can provide information on quality of food during storage and transportation. The present research work was aimed to develop an anthocyanin based food spoilage indicator to detect spoilage in dairy products. Anthocyanin was extracted from the peels of dragon fruit, incorporated into filter paper and used as food spoilage sensing agent. Dragon fruit peel extract showed a characteristic peak of absorption at 537nm and was found to have 141.21±3.9 mg/g of total anthocyanin content and 46.8 ± 0.98 mg/g GAE of phenolic compounds. The pH sensitivity of the dragon fruit peel extract and indicator film were quite similar with the colour change from red to yellow as the pH increases. The indicator film was effective insignalling the quality deteriorations occurring in stored paneer and khoa.

This field study was designed as a cohort (prospective) and involved 71 calves within the borders of Aydın Province. Each calf in the study was from one of three different farms (Farm A with 12 non-infectious diarrheic, 15 infectious diarrheic, Farm B with 13 non-infectious diarrheic, 19 infectious diarrheic, and Farm C as the healthy control group n=12). Serum samples were separated into Eppendorf tubes after centrifugation and stored in a -80 °C freezer until analysis. The competitive enzyme immunoassay technique was applied using the Bovine Diamine Oxidase ELISA test. Diamine Oxidase (ng/mL) measurements in infectious, non-infectious, and healthy calves were determined to be 6.52 ± 2.85, 7.16 ± 3.40, and 17.05 ± 2.63 (p< 0.001), respectively, in terms of mean ± standard error. The data obtained suggest that determining circulating diamine oxidase enzyme levels under field conditions can support diagnosis as a biological marker of intestinal permeability, and more prominently, diamine oxidase activity may decrease in both non-infectious and infectious diarrheic calves in relation to small intestinal mucosal damage. This could represent a step closer to the diagnosis of leaky gut in calves.