A total of 531 serum samples were subjected to Rose Bengal test (RBT) , serum agglutination test (SAT) and indirect flurocent antibody test (IFAT) and ELISA. The incidence of brucellosis was found to be 55.76%, 47.64% ,55.76% , and 58.70% ,on basis ofRBT.SAT.lFATand ELISA respectively . The agreement between the RBT and . SAT was 85.47% and between RBT and IFAT was 100% ingiving apositive result. lncase of ELISA the positive results was higher and we recommended using it as the defenitive test for detection of brucellosis

Conjunctiva ofthirty rats and ten mice were examined for the presence ofthe normal flora Streptobacillus moniliformis which is the causative agent of rat-bite fever in man . 60 % of each rats and mice were found to harbor. this bacteria suggesting a potential source for human infection . biochemical characterization revealed occurence of biotypes which are valuable in tracing epidemics . A test for pathogenicity was carried out on rabbite

Four hundred milk samples were collected from 205 local breed ewes for the detection of clinical and sub clinical mastitis. The incidenceof clinical mastitis ' was (7.25%) while that of sub clinical mastitis was (26.25%). I-Iistophilus Ovis was isolated from natural cases of sub clinical mastitis of ewes and is a novel bacterium A to Iraqi mastitis literature

Sabouraud's dextrose (solid and liquid) medium has been used to examine the response of Candida albicans to Cobalt , Nickel , Silver , Copper and Lead in three doses per each (10 , 25 and 50) mg/l in different exposure periods . In the solid medium the number of colonies was not effected by all metals ions , except Ag ions'(25 and 50) mg/l which completely inhibited the colonies numbers . In the liquid medium the effect of these metals on the growth was in the following sequence Co , Ni . Ag , Cu and Pb respectively: ' Most elements studied: showed increase in- the ‘inhibition effect on the growth with A increasing the ions concentration in the medium , whilethe inhibition effect decreased with the increasing periods of exposure

The changes in the biochemical composition of the ovary of Liza abu infected with Myxobolus pfeifferi were studied. The changes in the ovary are marked by a significant increase in moisture and total protein content concurrent with a significant decrease in fat and glycogen. . i In general, the changes in the biochemical composition occurred by the infection are " A same to those occurring during starvation of fishes.

tenormin (atenolol) orally daily for more than three years. The other This study had been done on thirty blood samples drown from thirty men between 40-60 years of age half of them suffering from hypertension and taking 100mg fifteen men were healthy and did not taking any drug and regarded as control. Those blood samples were subjected to study some hematological parameters such as hemoglobin percentage and total erythrocyticr and leukocytic counts. Also isolation of leukocytes was done from both hypertensive patient and control and study their activity by chemiluminescence method. v Result showed that prolonged treatment by tenormin of 100 mg orally daily resulted in significant decrease (P < 0.0l)in total erythrocytic and leucocytic counts as well as the same significant decrease in hemoglobin percentage as compared with controls , it also resulted in significant inhibition of activity of isolated leukocytes as measured by chemiluminescence technique which resulted from their weak reaction with the luminescence material (lucigenin)mixed with it in the measuring chemiluminescence apparatus which is an indication of reduced immunological ability of those leukocytes in addition to their decreased number.

Oestrous synchronization involves synchronization of ovarian follicular turnover, new wave emergence, and finally induction of ovulation. The final step can be synchronized by the parenteral administration of either GnRH or oestradiol benzoate. This study investigated corpus luteum and follicular emergence after ovulation had been induced by the administration of either GnRH or oestradiol benzoate. The injection of oestradiol benzoate may have delayed the emergence of the first follicular wave subsequent to the induced ovulation; administration of oestradiol benzoate or GnRH lowered the progesterone rise so that the maximum dioestrous concentration of progesterone on Day 9 was lower when cows were treated during pro-oestrus compared to the spontaneously ovulating controls. One implication of findings from the present study is that induction of ovulation with either oestradiol benzoate or GnRH, administered 24 or 36 h after withdrawal of the CIDR device, respectively, may lower fertility. Future studies must identify the timing of administration relative to the time of CIDR device withdrawal and the optimum concentration of oestradiol benzoate or GnRH that would not have untoward effects on the development of the corpus lutea, particularly within the first week of dioestrus.

The ascaridoid nematodes Dujardinascaris madagascariensis Chabaud & Caballero, 1966, Dujardinascaris dujardini (Travassos, 1920), Gedoelstascaris vandenbrandeni (Baylis, 1929) Sprent, 1978 and Multicaecum agile (Wedl, 1861) Baylis, 1923 were recovered from the stomach contents of Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768 from the Okavango River, Botswana, together with Eustrongylides sp., a dioctophymatoid nematode usually parasitizing piscivorous birds. Dujardinascaris madagascariensis was present in most of the infected hosts, while the remaining species were mostly represented in single collections in one to three hosts. All four ascaridoid nematodes represent new geographic records.

To obtain updated data on and assess the contribution of trypanosomosis to the disease burden of cattle kept at the edge of the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, a survey was conducted at Mvutshini Dip. Use was made of a purposeful sampling strategy by restricting sampling to animals that the livestock owner considered to be in poor condition. Of a total of 76 blood samples collected, 26 were parasitologically positive and 46 were positive on PCR / RFLP. Almost all infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense savannah subgroup. A total of 63 animals had a PCV < 24 % and were considered to be anaemic. Results from the survey show that trypanosome infections contribute significantly to the overall burden of disease in the area. Further research is required to develop appropriate control methods.

Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates are used for immunizing cattle against East Coast fever and in in vitro sporozoite neutralization assays. In this study, we attempted to identify a cheaper freezing medium and quantified the infectivity loss of sporozoites due to refreezing of stabilates, using an in vitro technique. Pools of stabilates prepared using Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 1640), foetal calf serum (FCS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were compared. All were supplemented with bovine serum albumin except the FCS. RPMI 1640 was as effective as MEM in maintaining sporozoite infectivity while the infectivity in PBS and FCS reached only 59 % and 67 %, respectively. In a second experiment, a stabilate based on MEM was subjected to several freeze-thaw cycles including various holding times on ice between thawing and refreezing. Refrozen stabilate gave an average sporozoite infectivity loss of 35 % per cycle. The results indicate that RPMI can be used as a cheaper freezing medium for T. parva stabilates and that refrozen stabilate doses need to be adjusted for the 35 % loss of infectivity.