Listeria monocytogenes is a serious foodborne zoonotic pathogen capable of causing gastroenteritis and severe systemic infections such as septicemia, meningitis or abortion in the infected individuals what is called listeriosis. The bacterium is reported as the third leading cause of death among the foodborne pathogens preceded by nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. The power to tolerate a wide range of temperatures is considered the most prominent trait distinguishing it from the other foodborne pathogens. Within the infected host, the bacteria harbor inside macrophages and jump from cell to another without leaving the safeguarding milieu of the host's cells utilizing a set of genes including hly (listeriolysin O), plcA (phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c), plcB (phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C) and actA (actin-assembly inducing protein). In addition to the health concerns associated with antibiotics, treatment failure likely occurs among listeriosis-infected persons especially with the inability of most antibiotics to access intracellular replicative niches and achieve the optimum therapeutic concentrations within the infected cells. Recently, one novel choice, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), has been emerged to target this bacterium as a model of targeting intracellular pathogens with anti-sense agents. PNA is a one of the DNA analogues which works via specific inhibition of bacterial gene expression.

A 9 years old female cat was presented with the history of large tumor mass in the caudal abdominal, inguinal mammary gland region which was irregular, measuring 4 cm × 4 cm, non-ulcerated, freely movable and firm in consistency. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of the tumor mass and inguinal lymph node revealed mammary adenocarcinoma. Bilateral caudal radical mastectomy was done to excise the tumor mass along with inguinal lymph nodes with wide margins. As there was metastatic spread of tumor mass to the rectus fascia and muscle, partial ventral abdominal wall was resected and reconstructed with polypropylene mesh. A bilateral flank fold flap was elevated, mobilised and transposed to close the ventral skin deficit. The cat recovered uneventfully without much complications.

The study aimed to describe the pattern of changes in clinical findings and lipid metabolism profiles in dairy cattle with displacement of the abomasum (DA) from day 0 until day 30 after operation. The study was conducted on DA cattle (n= 25) belonged to dairy farms in Hokkaido area, Japan. Cows were examined and sampled at days 0 (operation), 7 and 30. They were clinically and biochemically examined to estimate BCS and many serum biochemical constituents such as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and aspartate amino transferase (AST). Based on blood BHBA at day 0, DA cows were classified into three categories; DA only (<1.2 mmol/l), DA with subclinical ketosis (DA SCK) (1.2-2.4 mmol/l) and DA with clinical ketosis (DA CK) (≥2.5 mmol/l). The changes in the pattern of serum biochemical constituents throughout this study indicated recovery of diseased cows and significant effect of surgical operation. Serum biochemical constituents returned to their physiological values indicating that these cows were restoring their normal physiological status. This was reflected through a significant (P＜0.05) elevation of LCAT, apoB-100, and cholesterol and a significant (P＜0.05) reduction in AST, NEFAs and BHBA (Not in DA group), in all DA groups particularly at day 30 when their values compared with those at day 0. The current study also recorded no remarkable changes (P＞0.05) between the diseased groups except for NEFA and BHBA (at day 0 between DA group and the other two groups) at any of the three sampling days.

This study was performed to investigate the frequency and the distribution of antimicrobial resistance and resistant genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from both calves and their environment. Fecal samples (n=136) were collected from calves, besides 270 environmental samples for isolation and identification of EPEC. 50 E. coli isolates comprising 6 serogroupgs were recovered and tested against 12 antimicrobials comprising 4 different groups and 3 disinfectants with characterization of resistance genes. Results revealed that E. coli was isolated in the highest percentage from diarrheic calves (68.3%) followed by apparently healthy and environment (56.7 and 56.6 %, respectively). Six serogroups of E. coli were identified from diarrheic calves with the highest percentage of O26 (27.8 %) followed by O159 and O55 (16.7 and 16.6 %, respectively). The tested isolates showed high rates of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim whereas the highest rates of susceptibility were found to enrofloxacin and neomycin. Meanwhile the highest bactericidal effect against E. coli isolates from calves and environment was exhibited by Virkon® S (80 % and 70 %, respectively) compared to 80 % and 50%, respectively for TH4+ and 60 and 70 %, respectively for iodine. E. coli isolates were found to include the following genes blaTEM, qacED1, dƒrA, tetA, and sul1. In conclusion, the high prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli provided insights about the possibility of dairy calves to act as source of resistance genes in the environment that pose health risk for humans and animals.

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an acute, arthropod-borne disease of cattle. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of fever, high morbidity and very low mortality. Recovery occurs within three days of the onset of clinical signs. BEF is an important viral disease of cattle in Egypt so the live attenuated BEFV vaccine which is inactivated just before inoculation by reconstitute in PBS containing saponin. is extensive used for the prevention and control of the disease. Different assays were applied in the current study to quality control evaluate of that produce vaccine by detection of viral identity and viability before and after reconstitution by using real time quantitative reserve transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and clinical findings (Body temperature and clinical signs) and potency by measuring the humoral immune response by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA and cellular immune response by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) using ELISA kit and Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and also by lymphocyte cell proliferation assay using tetrazolium salt(XTT).

This work was designed to investigate effects of environmental enrichment during gestation on behaviour, physiology and brain histology of enriched and non-enriched offspring rats. A total of 30 female wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups; control and enriched groups. Offspring from prenatally enriched group were divided after weaning into two groups; one raised under standard condition (enriched group) and the other raised under enriched condition after weaning (E+EC group) from the day 23 to the day 35 postnatal. Observing neonates' behaviour, on the day 36 postnatal, rats subjected to behavioural tests. On the day 42 postnatal, blood samples were collected and brain samples were obtained for histopathology. Behavioural tests revealed significant (P<0.05) increased time spent in open arm, open arm entries and time in center in E+EC group and unprotected stretch attend posture (USAP) were significantly (P<0.01) increased in E+EC group. Freezing time in open field test was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in the enriched group, while grooming frequency was significantly (P<0.05) increased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC). The corticosterone level was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC). The mean of tertiary processes of cytoplasmic processes in cross section of hippocampal region were significantly (P<0.05) increased in prenatally and post weaning enriched rats group (E+EC) group. In conclusion, providing experimental laboratory rats with physical enrichment tools in prenatal and postnatal life can improve their behavioural and physiological status reflecting on their welfare.

Comparative studies concerned the upper air ways of domestic animals are few. So this study was carried out to compare between the larynx of buffaloes, camels and donkeys. The present investigation was carried out on 39 larynxes, 13 larynxes (7 males, 6 females) of each species. Ten heads from each species were used for gross anatomical study; the remained three heads were used for the histological study. Results revealed that, the laryngeal cartilages of the three species were consisted of three single cartilages; the thyroid, the cricoid and the epiglottis, and two paired cartilages; the arytenoid and the corniculate. The cuneiform cartilages were paired cartilages present only in the larynx of the donkey. Thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages were of hyaline type, while the epiglottis, cuniform and corniculate cartilages and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage were of elastic type. The laryngeal epithelium of aditus laryngis, greater part of epiglottis and vocal folds was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The remained parts of laryngeal epithelium from base of epiglottis and entire parts caudal to vocal folds were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. The laryngeal glands of lamina propria were of mixed types in buffaloes and donkeys but in camels it was pure mucous glands. This study will fill a gap in the field of comparative anatomy and help other clinical investigation applied on these animals.

The somatic cell count (SCC) is a screening test for the evaluation of intramammary infection; however, changes in mammary secretion during colostrogenesis can promote a physiological increase in the SCC, potentially reducing its reliability in the diagnosis of mastitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate bovine colostrum SCC as an indicative parameter of breast infection in Holstein periparturient cows. A total of 80 samples were harvested from the first milking colostrum of 20 cows and were subjected to manual SCC and bacteriological examination. Bacterial growth was present in 36.62% of the crops; coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) was the predominant microorganism (76.92%). The median SCC in infected cows (1.8 × 106 cells/mL) was significantly higher than in uninfected cows (0.9 × 106 cells/mL) (p = 0.0451). The sensitivity (100–15%), specificity (100–2.2%), and false positive (100–2.2%) of the SCC decreased gradually when thresholds of 0.2–10.0 × 106 cells/mL were adopted. In contrast, the proportion of false negatives (0–84.6%) revealed an opposite trend. The threshold of greatest concordance between SCC and bacteriological examination was 10.0 × 106 cells/mL; however, the sensitivity rates (15.4%), specificity (2.2%), and false positive (2.2%) were very low. Based on these results, we conclude that SCCs increased prior to the infectious processes of the mammary gland, particularly in the CNS group. However, physiological changes caused by colostrogenesis resulted in poor concordance between the SCC and bacteriological examination of the colostrum.

Foi investigada a infecção de Perkinsus beihaiensis (Perkinsozoa) na ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae em um sistema de cultivo do tipo espinhel e em um estoque natural de ostras no manguezal adjacente ambos localizados no estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As colheitas foram realizadas em outubro e novembro de 2012 e em janeiro de 2013. As ostras (n = 300) foram medidas, examinadas macroscopicamente quanto a sinais da infecção e submetidas às técnicas laboratoriais: histologia, ensaio em meio de cultivo de tioglicolato de Ray (RFTM), reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento, que confirmou a identificação do patógeno. As análises histológicas e o RFTM mostraram, respectivamente, prevalência média de 93,3% e de 69%. A infecção foi geralmente leve ou muito leve. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre os ambientes em termos de prevalência ou severidade da infecção. Este é o primeiro registro de P. beihaiensis no estado da Bahia e o segundo em ostras do Brasil e América do Sul.

The European eel Anguilla anguilla is a highly important market species which is also increasingly in danger of extinction in Europe. One of the ways of protecting the species in the natural environment, while maintaining its market supply, is its aquaculture, e.g. due to much higher survival rate under controlled conditions than in the wild. However, this can be done only when an effective artificial reproduction biotechnique is developed. The aim of this study was to use an ultrasound device to determine the sex and to perform a biopsy of the gonads, which is a part of complete protocol of eel artificial reproduction. The findings indicate that ultrasonography is highly useful in determining the sex in migrating eel (100% of sureness) and in performing high-precision biopsy of the gonads. The present method gives the possibility to quick determine the maturity of the female gonads. The application of ultrasonography (USG) is totally safe for fish and a portable ultrasound device can be used in both the laboratory and in the field.