This study was carried out to determine the immunomodulating effect of β-glucans and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease vaccine. The results showed that birds received β-glucans and MOS having higher average body weights values and significantly higher ND HI antibody titer than the other non medicated groups. Thymus, spleen and bursal indices of control negative showed significantly lower values than vaccinated medicated and non-medicated groups. Both total and differential leukocytic and lymphocytic counts showed significantly higher in medicated group than other groups. Liver function test showed lower AST and ALT in medicated group than other groups. Results of challenge test with NDV confirmed that MOS and B glucans immunostimulant improved protection rate by 15% in medicated than non- medicated ones. In conclusion MOS and B glucans can be given to chicken to improve both body weight and protection against VV NDV challenge that predominated in Egypt.

Four groups of one-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with the four IBV variants at 1 day old to study the virulence of these isolates. The results at 2 weeks post infection (PI) revealed that all isolates were able to induce serological resposne postinfection, respiratory distress and depression. 20% and 100% mortalities were recorded with isolates 4 and 23; respectively. Assessment of pathogenicity index and pathotyping (at the end of observation period “2wk-PI”), categorized the 4 tested isoaltes (4, 16,18, 23) into three isoaltes of high virulence (4, 18 and 23), and one isolate of intermediate virulence (16). About 50% reduction in body weight was recorded with the four IBV isolates 2 wk PI. Kidney lesions were nephritis-nephrosis with urate deposition in ureters, while microscopic lesions were associated with increase in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Tracheal lesions recorded as increase the amount of mucin, while microscopic lesions were edema of mucosa and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The regime of administering the infectious bronchitis (IB) live commercial H120 vaccine at 1 day old SPF chicks, and the heterologous challenge with four variants (serotypes) at 4 weeks of age, was found to be poorly effective in protecting the respiratory tract of SPF chickens with protection percentages of 8.1%, 55%, 10.5% and 12.6% corresponding to field isolates of IBV 4, 16, 18 and 23; respectively. Protection was measured by assessing ciliary activity of the tracheal epithelium following challenge. It is suggested that the use of the live IB-H120 vaccine will not always broaden the protection against challenge with IB multiple serotypes isolated from Egypt. Therefore it is necessary to develop a new IB vaccines, either locally prepared or imported to overcome any new IB serotype that were emerged, through modifying vaccination strategies to make them appropriate to the field situation.

Existence of Campylobacter species that colonize broiler chickens intestinal tract raised and slaughtered in El-Minia Governorate as a source of animal protein origin for human consumption were studied. Samples were collected from 381 broiler chickens from different private farms distributed in six cities related to El-Minia Governorate and examined for the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. Percentage of Campylobacter jejuni isolation was 19.5% , 14.8% , 18.3% , 14.7% , 12.3% and 12.1% from Maggagha, Beni-Mazar, Samalout, Abou-Curcas, Mallawey and Deer-Mouase, respectively. While Campylobacter coli was 4.8% , 6.2% , 4.3% , 6.7% , 3.5 % and 0.0% respectively . Higher rate of isolation of Campylobacter jejuni 18.0% and Campylobacter coli 5.1% were obtained from 216 freshly dead broiler chickens carcasses than 165 diseased and slaughter birds which revealed 13.3% and 4.2% , respectively . Overall , Campylobacter spp. showed a higher tissue affinity for caecum (11.3%) Campylobacter jejuni and (2.6%) Campylobacter coli than for jejunum (4.2%) C. jejuni and (1.6%) C. coli and liver (1.6%) C.jejuni and (1.6%) C. coli. Susceptibilities of the recovered Campylobacter jejuni and C.coli, isolates to fifteen antibiotic discs clarified that gentamycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid in addition most of the strain were resistant to penicillin , ampicillin, tetracycline , sulfa methoxazole , trimethoprim, cephalothin and enerofloxacin . Public health hazard of enteropathogenic campylobacter was discussed and suggestive measures for reduction of campylobacter in broiler chicken farms were explained.

Two various kinds of olive mill solid residues (Crude and partly destoned) were used to investigate the adsorbing property of olive mill solid residues (OMSR) to heavy metals. 100 adult albino rats were classified into four groups. One group served as (–ve) control group (10 rats), received balanced ration and supplied tap water; in addition to three equal groups (each of 30 rats) received water polluted with1/100LD50 of either lead, cadmium or copper at concentration levels( 107.2 mg/L, 8.8mg/L or 58.4mg/L respectively). Each main group was divided into 3sub- groups, one (+ve) control and two experimental groups fed either 20 % crude olive mill or 20% partly destoned olive mill. Polluted water administration extended for 1 month, meanwhile feeding 20% crude or partly destoned (OMSR) continued for further 30 days after cessation of polluted water as a withdrawal period. Samples of serum, muscle, liver and kidney were collected at one month of the experiment and at the end of the withdrawal period after one month. Level of metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results indicate that crude olive mill exhibit higher adsorption capacities to Pb, cd, and cu than partly destoned especially at withdrawal period. In conclusion, the main advantage of this process is the conversion of this waste product to a useful adsorbent material with low coast in minimizing the toxic hazard of environmental pollution with heavy metals.

This study was performed in the period February 2009 through January 2010 to determine the role of dairy cattle in transmitting listeriosis to man in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. Individual milk samples and rectal swabs were gathered from 175 dairy cows (125 clinically diseased and 50 apparently healthy). A total of 75 kariesh cheese and 150 dairy shop milk samples were randomly collected from the same localities where the examined cattle were reared. Stool and blood samples were taken from 125 humans comprising 75 individuals residing in close contact with the examined cows and 50 feverish inpatients. The occurrence of Listeria spp. in the examined dairy cattle revealed that 1.14 % of individual milk samples harboured Listeria spp.; L. innocua (0.57 %) and L. seeligeri (0.57 %). None of rectal swabs revealed a positive result. L. monocytogenes could not be recovered from any of the examined cattle samples. Examination of kariesh cheese demonstrated a positive result to L. innocua (1.33 %). Concerning dairy shop milk examined, 5.33 % was Listeria spp.-positive; they were identified as L.monocytogenes (2.67 %), L. innocua (1.33 %) and L.seeligeri (1.33 %). Examination of humans revealed a positive result for L. welshimeri in a stool sample (0.8 %) taken from an apparently healthy woman while all the examined blood sampleswere Listeria-negative. It was concluded that listeriosis in Beni-Suef Governorate appears to be ofsporadic nature and that the potential of human exposure to Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes from dairy cattle is more likely to exist in dairy shop milk rather than being related to the animal itself.

Fowl and turkey pox viruses were analyzed for their heterogeneity on the basis of protein profile, western blotting, PCR analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis. On the protein level, only a single band with a WM of 115KDa was seen with turkey pox virus but not with the fowl strain, and a band reacted at 10KDa with Turkey but not fowl pox virus in western blotting analysis other protein profiles were nearly the similar. PCR amplification of the lateral terminal repeat (LTR) region of both viruses confirmed a single band migrating about 900 bp with both strains and restriction digestion proved the homology between both strains.

This study was conducted in the period July 2009 through June 2010 to determine the role of commensal rodents in transmitting bacterial pathogens to man in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. A total of 50 rats of various species were selected from both urban and rural areas at different localities. In the laboratory, rodent species were identified and bacteriological examination was performed. Seven types of samples were cultured from external and internal body parts of each rat. The identified rodent spp. included Rattus norvegicus (16%), Rattus rattus rattus (42%) and Rattus rattus frugivorus (42%). The results demonstrated that S. aureus, S. lentus, S. sciuri and S. xylosus were isolated from the examined rats at percentages of 8, 2, 6 and 6 %, respectively. Moreover, E. durans (2%), E. faecalis (12%), E. faecium (24%), E. gallinarum (4%), Aerococcus viridans (12%) and S. porcinus (2%) in addition to Lc. lactis lactis (4%), Leuconostoc sp. (2%) and Corynebacterium kutscheri (8%) were also harbored by the screened rodents. On the other hand, S. arizonae, E. coli, E. cloacae and E. sakazakii were isolated from the examined rats at percentages of 4, 8, 4 and 6 %, respectively. Besides, Proteus mirabilis (6%), Proteus vulgaris (2%), Providencia rettgeri (6%), P. aeruginosa (4%), Burkholderia cepacia (2%) and V. fluvialis (2%) were also recovered from the investigated rodents. It was concluded that considerable bacterial pathogens could be harbored in/on different body parts of the examined rodents and that commensal rodents prevalent in Beni-Suef Governorate supply multiple potentials through which they may act as sources of infection and occasionally represent a serious threat to the public health.

Three vaccination regimes based on Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type A, C or combined AC toxoids were evaluated to detect if toxoid vaccines can prevent necrtotic enteritis (NE) caused by clostridial infection in broilers. The vaccines were administered two times at two weeks interval, then the birds were challenged with virulent strains of C. perfringens type A, C or combined AC. Blood samples were taken after both first and second vaccination doses as well as after challenge. Evaluating parameters included clinical signs, gross intestinal lesions, hemogram [red blood cell count (RBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocytic count (TLC) and differential leukocytic count],serum biochemical assays [total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glob), albumin globulin ratio (A/G), serum activities of alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and uric acid (UA) values] and ELISA test for detecting serum antibody titers. Results revealed that affected birds showed marked depression, anorexia, reluctance to move, ruffled feathers and diarrhea. Numbers of chickens with intestinal lesions in immunized challenged groups were greatly fewer than the infected non immunized ones. There was an increase in RBCs, PCV and Hb. TLC decreased in infected non immunized birds and increased in vaccinated ones. Heterophils were increased in infected groups while, lymphocytes decreased. Prominent lymphocytosis was observed in immunized birds. Results of biochemical assays showed that there was a significant increase in TP, Alb, Glob, ALP, ALT, AST and UA and decrease in A/G. Results of ELISA test showed that there was a significant increase in antibody titer after immunization paricularly after the second dose of vaccination. The combined AC toxoid provided the greater antibody titer and best protection followed by toxoid A and finally toxoid C. We concluded that results provide an evidence that immunization of broilers with toxoid vaccines paricularly the combined type AC is safe, welltolerated and can protect broiler chickens against NE after the second booster dose of the vaccine.

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocida serotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

A field study was carried out in a fish farm to study the effect of seasonal variations during the production period on performance and parasitic infestation of cultured fish. Water samples were obtained to determine the Physio-chemical investigation of water in the examined farm to estimate temperature, dissolved oxygen, PH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, salinity, total alkalinity and total hardness. Fish samples were obtained for parasitological examination to detect external parasitic infestation.The results referred that an elevation of water temperature during summer months leading to slight increase of PH of water, while dissolved oxygen values decreased from 6.8±0.15 to 6.0±1.5 throughout the study period. The mean values of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate reach the maximum in July and August months (0.71±0.18, 0.20±0.07 and 3.1±0.07 mg/l respectively). In addition there was a slightly increase of the total alkalinity and total hardness at beginning of the study (37.8±3.0 and 147.0±5.0mg/l respectively) reached the maximum levels in the summer months (44.4±2.8 and 182.8±6.0 mg/l respectively). It can be noticed that the most prevalent ectoparasitic affecting cultured Tilapia are Trichodina,Monogenia and Epistylis. It can be noticed that, the average initial body weight of examined fish was 6.8±2.3 gm and reached 218.0±3.8 gm. at the end of experiment (210 days) with an average of daily weight gain 1.01 ±0.07 gm. From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that special attention to Physio-chemical parameters of water fish ponds and regular inspection of fish parasitic infestation particularly during summer months obtained a good fish performance as well as high body weight gain and high survival percentage.