The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of the host Other probiotic administration has a larger impact on body immunity and increases anti-inflammatory cells and polarize the immune response towards the body immunity.In this study, we examine how regular administration of probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bacillus clause) to Lab mice will impact the innate immune response, including the total number of lymphoid cells on physiological parameters, and blood biochemical levels, and how these factors affect the potential outcome of experiments. Sixty female mice were used in this study seven days with a probiotics combination including Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bacillus clause ( 100 ul oral gavage ) blood samples were collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters the data revealed that there were no significant differences in the Hb and RBC values, however, the WBC count in peripheral blood and local lymph nodes of animals increased significantly after 7 days of treatment. Also, there is a significant change in ILC3 probiotic administration In the case of biochemical parameters of blood including ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea. These results revealed that there were no significant changes in these parameters in all experimental periods. the regular treatment of probiotics is one of the most important elements that may affect the general immune conditions of lab mice especially the WBCs and the innate immune responses.

This study aimed to assess the contamination of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio, a commonly consumed fish species, and evaluate the potential health risks for humans. The research analysed metal concentrations in different parts of the fish over several months, across various locations: Sirwan station, Darbandikhan dam, and Tanjaro River. The focus was on the dorsal part (below the dorsal fin) and the caudal region (caudal peduncle) of the fish from August 2021 to January 2022. Six heavy metals were investigated: Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb, using an ICP-OES (Spectro acros) multi-element system. The results revealed that metal concentrations were generally low in the dorsal flesh, with Hg often below the detection limit, especially in August, September, and October. Elevated Hg levels were detected only in November and January, likely due to minimal regional contamination, seasonal variations, and low bioaccumulation in carp. Cd levels were significantly higher in the dorsal part during August, September, and October. In August, Cd was elevated only in the caudal part. Pb was detected in August, September, and October, while Cu levels were significantly elevated in November across both flesh sections, with the highest concentrations observed in the Sirwan River. Co levels were elevated in October in both portions. Cr was undetectable across all months and locations. The study indicates varying heavy metal concentrations in Cyprinus carpio across different locations and months, with Cu being the highest in Sirwan River and Hg mostly undetectable.

The aim of the present study is to diagnose the multidrug resistant Escherichia coli that has been isolated from human and animal’s diarrheal cases and from environmental samples, the results of bacterial culturing methods revealed that out of 250 collected samples, 53 of isolates exhibited characteristic greenish metallic sheen colonies on EMB agar with bright pink lactose fermenting capabilities on MacConkey agar. Additionally, the conventional PCR assay was used to identified the E. coli species based on uidA gene, the results shown that all of isolates (100%) having the target gene. The results were also revealed the incidence rate of MDR Escherichia coli isolated among cattle, humans, and the environment which seem to have a similar rates of resistance for the five classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, MDR E. coli isolated from humans, animals, and the environment exhibited a high 100% resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, as well as (66.66, 83.33, and 72.72) resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin), 56.66%, 66.66%, 81.81% resistance to tetracycline (tetracycline), and 66.66%, 50%,100% resistance to dihydrofolate (trimethoprim), while it showed less resistance to quinolones (Nalidixic acid) 20%, 25%, and 18.18% respectively.

This study performed on 300 sheep in Mosul city from August 2024 to October 2024 for demonstration Microfilariae in sheep blood by use various methods such as Knott's technique, MG stain Giemsa, and fluorescent acridine orange staining. When detecting of microfilaria in the blood . The percentage of microfilaria infection is 56% during investigation by modified Knott technique. There were three forms of infection , mild ,moderate and severe infection with microfilariae in sheep using the same method showed significant differences in infection severity, below the limit of level (P < 0.05) .Also we studied the of risk factors such as age on the intensity of infection.,there was significant differences, a high percentage of infection was noticed in animals over three years old (93.1%) while low rat in sheep below one years old (27.1%). No significant differences noticed between the females (58%) and males (54%). The animals husbandry indicated increase level of infection out door system (61.6%) than indoor system (45.7%). Also there was significant differences between breed of the animals ,the infection rates in higher in export sheep (90%) than local breed (49.5%).

The aime of this research to detected prevalence rate of infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep in different regions of Ninavah Province, Iraq. 100 sheep fecal samples were collected. that are younger than a month to more than 6 months. All samples have been tested by using direct methods, 1% Lugol's iodine, flotation method by using sugar solution and modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining to investigate for oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. The study showed the total prevalence rate of infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep was 52%. There is no significant differences (p <0.05) in prevalence rates among animals aged less than 6 months and animals more than 6 months. The results were showed difference significantly between infection rate in male and female, 81.2% (45\55), 15.6 % (7\45) respectively. As well as, Cryptosporidium infection was significantly influenced by several potential risk components such as breeding of animals, consistency of feces, herd size, keeping with other animals, bedding type, and occurring of pregnancy in animals

Background: Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, high number of mortalities around the world was reported. Post infection, the immune system is activated in abnormal manner leads to an excessive release of cytokines and interleukins implicated in eliminating the viruses including CTLA-4. Such responses sometimes cause autoimmune disease including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Aim of study: The study aimed to analyse gene expression of CTLA4 in patients diagnosed with RA post Covid-19 infection. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 61 RA patients diagnosed post Covid-19 patients RAI, and 40 control (C) experienced at least one Covid-19 infection. RNA was extracted and used to prepare cDNA from each sample to analyse the cellular expression of CTLA-4 using relative gene expression . Results: The study involved 61 patients, 17 of them were vaccinated without prior Covid-19 infection (RAV) as well as 44 that were diagnosed with RA following their recovery from Covid-19 (RAI).The results showed significant increase in CTLA-4 gene expression only in RAI samples. However, a decrease in RAV sample compared to control was noticedConclusion:COVID-19 seems to have an important role in the development of the RA disease, as during its occurrence immuno-changes disorders can happen, one of obvious influences of which is the significant changes in the gene expression of CTLA-4 gene, which in turn could be involved in the development of the RA.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in broiler chicken feed poses significant risks to animal health and food safety. This study aimed to assess OTA contamination levels in broiler feed samples collected from broiler farms in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, over four years (2020–2023). A total of 292 feed samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify OTA concentrations. The results revealed a high prevalence of OTA contamination across all years, with 86.8%, 93.8%, 100%, and 96.9% of samples testing positive in 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively. The mean OTA concentration showed a declining trend, from 2.615 µg/kg in 2020 to 0.8396 µg/kg in 2023. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant reduction in OTA levels over the years (p < 0.05), indicating improvements in feed safety management. However, variability in OTA concentrations remained high, emphasizing the need for stringent monitoring and preventive measures. The persistence of OTA in poultry feed highlights potential risks for animal health and its possible transfer to poultry products, raising public health concerns. These findings highlight the necessity of continuous surveillance, improved storage practices, and effective detoxification strategies to mitigate OTA contamination in broiler feed. Future studies should employ HPLC for more accurate OTA quantification, as ELISA, while efficient, may cross-react with other metabolites.

This research aimed to study the effect of Lepidium sativum (LS) seed extract and to compare between it and GnRH in treating inactive ovaries in cows by gene expression, the study was conducted on 27 lactating anestrus crossbreed cows, aged between 3-5years in Al-Thahab Al-Abiad village / Abu-Ghriab/ Baghdad province during June 2020-July 2021. These animals were suffered from ovarian inactivity after 60-90 days postpartum. These dairy cows were randomly separated in to three equal groups. (9cows on each). The 1st group treated by injected IM with 0.021mg/animal GnRH (5ml), the 2nd group treated with Lepidium sativum 25mg/orally/ for 10days (250mg/animal), the 3rd group left without treatment. Reproductive parameters included animal response, period of response, services number /conceptions, rate of pregnancy and days open. The results revealed that animal response was 7(77.7%), 6(66.6%) and 3(33.3%) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd group respectively with significantly increase (P<0.01) for the 1st (GnRH treated group) and 2nd (LS treated group) in compare with the 3rd group (control) , the duration of response recorded 6.36±1.24, 13.72±2.45 and 87.2±0.1in the three groups respectively recording superior significantly (P<0.01) for treatment groups (G1 , G2) when compare with the control group (G3) and for G1 compared with G2, Pregnancy rate was 85.7%, 83.3% and 66.6% and days open recorded 106.35±5.47, 114.26±6.52 and 187.40±0.0 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd group respectively which was high significant in (P<0.01) in treatment groups in comparative with control group. We concluded that LS seed extract was effective in cows

Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), commonly used possess a comprehensive range of antimicrobial action. The goal was to test the health properties of Saudi garlic to eliminate the gut pathogenic microbes. Methodology was included the collection of Saudi garlic, were prepared the extracts, and were tested the pathogenic microbes cause gastrointestinal infections. The results showed the first score was included Staphylococcus aureus was eliminated with the boil extract within twenty-four hours, and within forty-eight hours it was eliminated with the hot extract. The second score was included Shigella dysentery, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli were eliminated within forty-eight hours by the hot and boil extract. The third score was included Closterdium sp., Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella enteritica were eliminated with the presence of some little colonies. The fourth score was included Candida sp., Aspergillus sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces services were partially eliminated. It was decided that the active substances in Saudi garlic were capable of eliminating pathogenic microbes cause gastrointestinal infections. It was suggested that the pharmacy department be active in determining the permissible quantity of Saudi garlic for an individual to use according to his health condition.

Drug and chemical substances are common causes of liver dysfunction, including acute hepatitis and liver failure. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used as a model to study hepatic toxicity. Nanosilymarin (S-CsNPs), with its antioxidant properties, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for liver injury. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of (S-CsNPs) on hepatotoxicity. The study involved 30 adult female albino rats, randomly divided into five groups. The first group served as the negative control and received no treatment. The second group received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally at a dose of 3 mL/kg twice weekly for four weeks. The third group was the untreated group, which also received CCl4 as described but did not receive any subsequent treatment. The fourth group was treated with silymarin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, administered orally once daily for three weeks following CCl4 exposure. The fifth group received (S-CsNPs) at a dose of 0.2 mg/rat, administered orally once daily for three weeks after CCl4 administration. Liver function was assessed via enzyme markers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and bilirubin), and oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring TNF-α, MDA, SOD, and GSH levels. The CCl4 group showed significant elevations in liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers compared to negative controls. Treatment with (S-CsNPs) significantly(P<0.05) reduced ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, TNF-α, and MDA levels, while increasing SOD and GSH levels compared to CCl4, untreated and silymarin-treated groups. Nanosilymarin effectively reduced CCl4-induced liver damage, indicating its potential as a liver-protective agent