In an attempt to evaluate the possible role of Eimeria stiedae infection on rabbit vaccinatedwith haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant vaccine, a total of 60 New-Zealand rabbits weredivided into 6 groups (A- F). The first four groups subdivided into two subgroups. The subgroups(A1, A2) vaccinated and infected at time of 1st dose of vaccine, subgroup (B1, B2) vaccinated andinfected at 2 weeks post 1st vaccination, subgroup (C1, C2) which vaccinated and infected at thetime of 2nd dose of vaccination, finally subgroup (D1, D2) vaccinated and infected at 2 weeks post2nd dose of vaccine. Group E vaccinated only but the group F left as non vaccinated non infected(control). The results revealed that E. stiedae infection at the time or after 2 weeks from first orsecond dose of vaccination (A1, B1, C1 and D1) and treated with semduramycine 150 showed slightdecrease of the antibody titer in contrast the untreated group (A2, B2, C2 and D2) showed suddendecrease of P. multocida antibody titer measured by indirect haemagglutination and ELISA test.Vaccinated group (E) was the superior one showing the highest antibody titer. The challenge test ofall rabbit groups with virulent P. multocida revealed a protective percent of 83.4%, 50%, 100%and 0 % in treated, untreated, vaccinated and control group respectively, but subgroups C2, D2the protective value was 33.4% this due to challenge concurrency post or at the time of infection.These findings reflect the important to avoid coccidial infection following vaccination programs toobtain better immune response to haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant pasteurellosis vaccineand high level of protection.

The pharmacokinetic aspects of cephradine were studied after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of a single dose of 50 mg kg-1 b.wt. in chickens. Tissue distribution and residues of cephradine after repeated oral administration for 5 consecutive days were also estimated. After IV injection of cephradine in a dose of 50 mg kg-1 b.wt., the serum concentration time curves were best described by a two compartment-open model. The drug was rapidly distributed with a distribution half-life (t0.5(α)) of 0.120 h and apparent volume of distribution (Vdss) was 2.187 L kg-1. The drug was rapidly eliminated with a half-life of elimination (t0.5(β)) of 1.047 h and the body clearance (ClB) was 2.35 L kg-1 h-1. The drug was rapidly absorbed after IM, SC and oral administration as indicated by short half-lives of absorption (t0.5(ab)) of 0.154, 0.364 and 0.65 h., respectively. While the elimination half-lives (t0.5(el)) and systemic bioavailabilities were 0.859, 2.652, 1.74 h and 59.386, 84.5, 97.97 %, respectively. Repeated oral administration of cephradine (50 mg kg-1 b.wt twice daily) for 5 consecutive days caused no change in serum enzyme activities of ALT and AST but induced a significant increase in serum uric acid concentration at 72 to 120 hours post administration.

Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) is one of the most important causative agents of enzootic abortion which has been caused a serious economic problem in domesticated and wild ruminants world wide. This study was aimed to diagnose C. abortus infection in aborted goats in Ras Suder Research Station (South Sinai) - Desert Research Center from 2004-2006. Twenty aborted cases from 130 pregnant nannies were recorded and examined serologically using complement fixation test (CFT). Eighty percent (16/20) of the aborted cases were serologically positive and 20% (4/20) randomly collected from apparently healthy pregnant nannies were also had antibodies against C. abortus. Pathological lesions were detected. Ten aborted fetal samples from serologically positive aborted nannies were subjected to diagnosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) showed positive results at 119 bp. According to this result, PCR proved to be feasible, reliable, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool in diagnosis of C. abortus infection.

A total number of 50 genital tracts were collected from cows slaughtered at “Belefia” abattoir in “Beni-Suef” governorate, Egypt. The genitalia were inspected grossly and the ovarian activity was noticed. Tissue specimens were taken from the tips of uterine horns, fallopian tubes, ovaries of both sides. The fallopian tubes were cut and sampled at three levels namely, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus. All tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (Bancroft and Stevens 1996) and examined microscopically. The pathological changes in the fallopian tube in relation to lesions in the uterus and ovarian activity were investigated. The uterine pathological lesions were endometritis (12%), adenomyosis (12%), and cystic glandular hyperplasis (8%). Inflammation of the fallopian tube salpingitis, was graduated as mild degree(18%), moderate degree(2%), and severe degree (2%). The intraepithelial microcysts of the uterine tube represented 8% of the examined cases.

Molecular detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strain involved in a separate fowl cholera outbreak in a turkey flock farm located in El-Menofia Governorate, Egypt early 2008 was investigated. The isolated strain was compared with an Egyptian Pasteurella multocida isolate that was previously isolated from turkey flock during last decade besides four vaccinal strain (A:5, A:8, A:9 and D:2) on phenotypic and genotypic characterization basis. Phenotypically all the strains were similar as all the strains produce non haemolytic colonies on blood agar, and all the strains revealed similar biochemial behaviour. On the other hand, the genomic typing of all the stains using rep-PCR techniques [repetitive BOX elements, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] differentiated the six Pasteurella multocida strains into six different profiles. The molecular identity between the Pasteurella multocida 2008 strain and the previously isolated strain was 76.6 % and were ranged from 65.2% to 79.2% with the 4 vaccinal strains. These results reported the continuous mutations of the field Pasteurella multocida strains among poultry flocks in Egypt indicating the urgent need for the frequent and continuous molecular epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks in various poultry flocks to detect these new strains and update the fowl cholera vaccines.

This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological status of fresh Tilapia nilotica, fresh Clarias lazera, frozen Mackerel and smoked Herring fish marketed in Beni-Suef City. The collected samples were examined for total bacterial count, coli form (MPN), faecal coli forms (MPN), E. coli (MPN), Staphylococcus aureus count, total proteolytic count, total lipolytic count, Aeromonas count and Pseudomonas count, as well as the isolation of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes. Most of the examined samples were within the permissible limits recommended by EOS and ICMSF, few samples of fresh Clarias lazera exceeded the recommended limits. The economic importance and public health significance of the isolated organisms were discussed.

Tetanus toxoid for equines has been prepared by cultivation of C. tetani into new synthetic medium for production of high potent tetanus toxin which gave high flocculation units [90 Lf (Limit of flocculation)], and high minimum lethal dose (MLD) (600,000). Tetanus toxin was inactivated by formalin, and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. It was inoculated into rabbits as a preliminary evaluation for its potency, showing the permissible units allowed to be used for vaccination of horse. The vaccine was tested in horses, which exhibited higher titer of specific antibodies persisted for 8 months post vaccination.

The susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens, namely E. coli, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeroginosa which were isolated from egg incubators and yolk sacs of randomly selected one day old Fayoumy chicks to three selected cephalosporins (cephradine, ceftiofur and cefquinome) were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the tested drugs and the effect of these antibiotics on the body weight gain, mortality and immune response against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine of the same bread of chicks were also estimated. The tested organisms were sensitive to ceftiofur and cefquinome whereas E.coli and ps. aeroginosa were found to be resistant to cephradine. The results showed that mortalities were higher in control and cephradine treated groups, while it was lower in the ceftiofur and cefquinome treated groups. On the other hand, the lowest mean body weight was recorded in control group (155.7±6.55 gm) followed by ceftiofur treated group (162.5±2.06 gm) and the highest mean body weight was recorded in cefquinome treated group (183.5±1.66 gm, p < 0.01) at 30 days of age. The study revealed that the tested antibiotics not exert any immune suppressive effect against (ND) vaccine.

Halogenated monoterpenes isolated from the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum aegypticus , proved their efficacy as acaricide. Both of Violacene and Mertensene, were adulticides with LC50's, 340.56 ppm and 759.23ppm, respectively, against the cattle tick; Boophilus annulatus adult females. Moreover, they can be used as ovicides. Violacene and Mertensene caused reduction in the hatchability by 96.77% and 95% respectively. Clinico-pathological studies were carried out and showed that Plocamium extract is safe to the host and none-target animals.

Rabbit antisera were successfully prepared against chickens; turkey; ducks; geese; pigeons and quails as antispecies and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The ability to use these antisera as homologous and heterologous antispecies was studied through the application of indirect fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) using specific antigens and antibodies of Newcastle; infectious bursal disease virus; duck plague virus; duck hepatitis virus; fowl cholera and pigeon paramyxo virus. The results showed that Titration of the prepared anti avian sera conjugated with FITC induced strong positive FAT reactions up to dilutions of 1:10000; 1:1000; 1: 100000; 1: 1000; 1: 100000 and 1:1000 for anti- chicken; anti-Turkey; ant-duck; ant-goose; anti-pigeon and antiquill sera respectively. It was found that homolgous species anti-sera showed strong positive FAT reaction (green apple fluorescing) scored as 4+ while hetrologous species anti-sera showed less degree of positive reactions ranged from 3+ to ± reaction showing that the usefulness of anti-sera as reagents in serological techniques is limited by the homogeneity and heterogeneity of such antisera. So, the present preparations could be used to low extent as heterologous anti-avian sera.