Splenic myelolipoma is a rare tumor in dogs with an unclear origin. A male 13-yearold Schnauzer dog was presented because of a bump on the left side of the abdomen. Clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound revealed a mass in the spleen. A total splenectomy was carried out, and histopathology revealed a splenic myelolipoma. Before surgery, the patient showed high serum alanine aminotransferase levels, which returned to normal eight months after the resection. Unfortunately, the postoperative follow-up showed increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, suggesting liver compromise. This is the first report of a splenic myelolipoma in Colombia.

A male mixed-breed dog of unknown age was presented with a history of bloody diarrhea and cachexia. Toxocara canis in vomitus was identified by a parasitologist. Hematology revealed low hematocrit, eosinophilia, and low albumin. Computed tomography (CT) revealed an enlarged pulmonary artery with an irregular wall, micronodules in the lung, and vicarious excretion of contrast medium to small intestine. CT scan was helpful for identifying lung lesions and the central organs of larval migration and also show vicarious excretion of contrast medium to the small intestine in T. canis infection.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of interleukins such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12β in sheep with Jaagsiekte by immunohistochemical methods. In this way, it will be revealed whether interleukins are effective in the progression of Jaagsiekte and how useful they are in the diagnosis of the disease. The material of the current study consisted of lung tissues of 26 sheep (Control, n=6 and Jaagsiekte, n=20) brought to the Department of Pathology for routine histopathological diagnosis. Tissue samples taken were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. 5 µm-thick sections were taken from the paraffin blocks prepared after routine tissue follow-up procedures. Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was applied to the sections in order to detect histopathological changes. Sections were examined and photographed under a light microscope. The routine streptavidin–biotin peroxidase complex method was used.In sheep with Jaagsiekte, tumoral foci with large and small acinar or papillary growths were observed in the alveolar and bronchiole lumens. The control group was negative for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12β immunoreactivity. IL 1β-6-10 and 12β levels were dramatically increased in the Jaagsiekte group compared to the control group.It was determined that interleukins were produced from tumoral cells and tumor microenvironment elements, and these interleukins showed pro-inflammatory effects, except for IL-10.

This study was to examine the opinions of first-year veterinary faculty students about the use of plastinated anatomic prosections in addition to wet cadavers in anatomy practical lessons. The students were shown plastinated organs and organs fixed in formaldehyde. Then a questionnaire comprising 7 questions was administered to the 100 student participants. The questionnaire responses were analyzed statistically using SPSS vn. 22.0 Frequencies software.In response to question 1, 58.4% of the students thought that there was no anatomic difference between the plastinated organs and the organs fixed in formaldehyde. In contrast to the strong smell of formaldehyde, 88% of the students stated that the plastinates were odourless. The use of plastinated organs was thought to improve the quality of education by 89.1% of the students, compared to the negative aspects of formaldehyde. It was stated by 84.2% of the students that plastinated organs should be included in anatomy lessons due to the thoughts of the majority of the students that plastinated tissues could make a greater contribution to anatomy lessons. In response to the final question, 92.1% of the students stated that they felt no abhorrence of the plastinated organs.Plastination may be especially useful for educational institutions without access, space, or the financial resources for dissection, and can emphasize unique or pathological samples. The results of this study demonstrated that plastinated samples were perceived as a useful addition to traditional resources in the teaching of anatomy.

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, has become a target for treating many diseases, especially cancer. Many factors are influential in the cell's pathway to apoptosis. The defects in these pathways may transform the cell to become malignant, and the organism may face a lethal outcome such as cancer. Understanding apoptosis will provide clues in guiding the pathogenesis of diseases. Two main pathways leading to apoptosis, intrinsic and extrinsic, take an active role. The granzyme B pathway is also considered an apoptotic pathway, and this pathway is activated by enzymes secreted by immune cells such as T and NK. Many caspase molecules have initiator and enforcer roles and are active at critical points in the cell's apoptosis process. In cancer treatments, activating molecules in these pathways and repairing disrupted pathways are among the target approaches. This review discusses target strategies for inhibiting apoptotic pathways and molecules in cancer cells and activating these apoptotic pathways.

Diclofenac was responsible for the decimation of Gyps vulture species on the Indian subcontinent during the 1980s and 1990s. Gyps vultures are extremely sensitive (the lethal dose 50 [LD50] ~ 0.1 mg/kg – 0.2 mg/kg), with toxicity appearing to be linked to metabolic deficiency, demonstrated by the long T1/2 (~12 h – 17 h). This is in striking comparison to the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), in which the LD50 is ~10 mg/kg and the T1/2 is ~1 h. The phase 1 cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C subfamily has been cited as a possible reason for metabolic deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine if CYP2C9 homolog pharmacogenomic differences amongst avian species is driving diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vultures. We exposed each of 10 CYP-inhibited test group chickens to a unique dose of diclofenac (as per the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] toxicity testing guidelines) and compared the toxicity and pharmacokinetic results to control group birds that received no CYP inhibitor. Although no differences were noted in the LD50 values for each group (11.92 mg/kg in the CYP-inhibited test group and 11.58 mg/kg in the control group), the pharmacokinetic profile of the test group was suggestive of partial inhibition of CYP metabolism. Evaluation of the metabolite peaks produced also suggested partial metabolic inhibition in test group birds, as they produced lower amounts of metabolites for one of the three peaks demonstrated and had higher diclofenac exposure. This pilot study supports the hypothesis that CYP metabolism is varied amongst bird species and may explain the higher resilience to diclofenac in the chicken versus vultures.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat for both human and veterinary medicine. Increasing evidence suggests that animals are important sources of AMR to humans; however, most of these studies focus on production animals. In order to determine the pattern of AMR in pets, mainly in dogs in Africa, a meta-analysis was performed with AMR studies conducted in African countries and published between January 2000 and January 2021 in four databases: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Cab abstract and Google Scholar. Seven bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (SNC) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius were included in this study. A total of 18 out of 234 indexed articles met the study criteria. The results revealed that multiple bacteria were resistant to various commonly used antibiotics including enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Concerning multidrug resistance, E. coli strains came first with the highest prevalence of 98%, followed by P. aeroginosa (92%) and Salmonella spp. (53%). In contrast, the overall prevalence of multidrug resistance was low for S. aureus (18%) and S. pseudintermedius (25%). It is therefore urgent to find, as soon as possible, alternatives to replace these antibiotics, which have become ineffective in controlling these bacteria in dogs in Africa. Moreover, further metagenomic studies are needed to describe the full resistome and mobilome in dogs regardless of the bacteria.

Background: Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal diseases in both developed and developing countries. Healthy asymptomatic animals may be reservoirs of zoonotic DEC, which may enter the food chain via the weak points in hygiene practices. Aim: We investigated the prevalence of DEC along the pig production continuum from farm-to-fork. Methods: A total of 417 samples were collected from specific points along the pig production system, that is, farm, transport, abattoir and food. E. coli was isolated and enumerated using Colilert. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and phenotypically identified using eosin methylene blue agar selective media. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the species and to classify them into the various diarrheagenic pathotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined against a panel of 20 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and EUCAST guideline. Results: The final sample size consisted of 1044 isolates, of which 45.40% (474/1044) were DEC and 73% (762/1044) were multidrug-resistant. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) was the most predominant DEC at all the sampling sites. Conclusion: The presence of DEC in food animal production environments and food of animal origin could serve as reservoirs for transmitting these bacteria to humans, especially in occupationally exposed workers and via food. Adherence to good hygienic practices along the pig production continuum is essential for mitigating the risk of transmission and infection, and ensuring food safety.

This study was carried out on a total of 550 lactating animals; 310 and 240 cows and buffaloes, respectively which were examined for signs of clinical mastitis (swelling, hotness, redness, and apparent milk change) from different dairy farms and veterinary units located at El-Fayoum Governorate during the period from May 2017 to November 2017. Clinical examination proved that out of these animals, a total of 126 animals (87 cattle and 39 buffaloes) were found with clinical mastitis. Streptococcus species were recovered from 73 animals including; 29(39.7%) and 44(60.0%) cows and buffaloes, respectively. Furthermore, out of the 73 Streptococci isolates recovered from cows and buffaloes; there were 10(13.7%) and 15(20.5%) S. agalactiae, 5(6.8%) and 10(23.7%) S. dysgalactiae, 8 (10.6%) and 7 (13.7%) S. uberis, 3(4.1%) and 10(13.7 %) E. fecalis and 3(4.1%) and 2(2.7%) S. lactarius, respectively. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing showed that the highest resistance was recorded against penicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and doxycycline (100%). Conversely, the highest sensitivity was recorded against ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (100%). Biofilm formation capacity was phenotypically assessed on YESCA CR agar medium and showed that all examined S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae were strong biofilm producers, meanwhile, 78%, 50%, and 75% of S. uberis, S. lactarius, and E. fecalis were biofilm positive isolates respectively. Application of PCR technique revealed that enterotoxins producing genes; sed, seb were found in 20% and 80% of isolates, in order. Biofilm-associated genes; fnbA and icaA genes were detected in 90% and 70%, respectively. Resistance genes; mecA and blaZ, genes were possessed in 90% and 70% of isolates, respectively.

Water quality is critical for poultry farming. This study assessed the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of drinking water in small-layer farms in Southern Mozambique and identified potential risk factors for total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli contamination of drinking water. In 20 farms, 57 samples were collected and examined for pH, nitrate content (NC), nitrite level (NL) and total hardness contents (TH). Furthermore, TC and E. coli growth were assessed at 37 °C. One hundred per cent of the drinking water was of acceptable quality in terms of pH (6.5–8.5), NC (50 mg/L) and NL (3 mg/L). Total hardness contents exceeded the recommended standard in 37.5% of borehole water samples and 91.7% of tap water samples, respectively. Total coliform and E. coli were found in 40% and 15% of water samples. Tap water samples had the greatest contamination, with TC and E. coli levels of 41.7% and 16.7%, respectively. Although not statistically significant, sampling from the beginning of the nipple line (p = 0.101, OR = 7.357, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.678–79.886) and not cleaning the rearing equipment regularly (p = 0.098, OR = 3.966, 95% CI: 0.766–20.280) were factors affecting the TC growth. Sampling from the tank water source (p = 0.001, OR = 0.005, 95% CI: 0.000–0.121) and borehole water source (OR = 13 585) and not cleaning the equipment consistently (p = 0.073, OR = 9.682, 95% CI: 0.810–115.68) were all factors affecting E. coli growth. It is concluded that the TH and microbiological quality of the drinking water of the study region are inadequate. Regular water quality assessments should be incorporated into Mozambican layer farm management to limit the potential for health concerns, and farmers should thoroughly clean and disinfect their rearing equipment. Contribution: We should incorporate regular water quality assessments into Mozambican layer farm management to limit the potential for health concerns, and farmers should thoroughly clean and disinfect their rearing equipment.