In this study, it was aimed to explain the rehabilitation of streams, rivers and fish and the data obtained from the world and our country, as wellas on-site observations and photographs taken as a result of comparative analysis and conclusions and recommendations have been made. DSİ,Ministry of Forestry and Water Works, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, Ministry of Environment and Forestryare in charge of stream improvement works in our country. It has seen that the river improvement work started with good intentions but thewrong projects made negatively affect the natural habitats, aquatic plant and animal communities, especially fish. They have lost their originalform and functions to make for humanity fever. It was determined that the projects were planned in such a way that the negative effects of thedelirium were reduced and the nature and wildlife were ignored so as to prevent the loss of soil. Consequently, changes could lead to loss thatwould not be recycled if it does not take due precautions.

Experiments were designed to clarify the effect of different extenders on sperm motility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after shorttermcold storage at 4°C for 6 days. Sperm collection was performed through gentle abdominal massage. Sperm was suspended in differentextenders at 1:3 dilution ratio. The motility and survival of sperm cells were assessed in all the treatments daily. Our results indicated that spermremained as motile in glucose and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) based extender at day 6. This study would be beneficial for cryopreservationand reproduction management.

Herbicides are being used widely in agriculture and aquaculture for controlling noxious weeds. Paraquat and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) have been the most widely used herbicide during the past three decades. Toxicological properties of Paraquat are attributed to its abilityto produce reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion that may directly or indirectly cause cell death. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) is a broad-leaf, systemic, phenoxy herbicide used as the active ingredient in several commercially available aquatic herbicide products.Bioassay technique has been the cornerstone of programs on environmental health and chemical safety. The application of environmentaltoxicology studies on non-mammalian vertebrates is rapidly expanding. So the present study investigated the acute toxicity of Paraquat and2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) as aquatic ecosystems pollutants on Artemia franciscana. Artemia is one of the most suitable testorganisms available for ecotoxicity testing and research and most commonly used live food in aquaculture. Acute toxicity (48 h LC50) of twoherbicides (Paraquat, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) was determined. A. franciscana exposed to Serial concentrations of both mentionedherbicides. Mortalities at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after exposure were recorded and LC50 were calculated using Probit software. The resultsobtained indicate that the acute toxicity of these herbicides is significantly different in adult A. franciscana. The lethal concentration of Paraquatand 2,4-D were calculated 2.701, 14.475 mg/L in A. fransiscana respectively. So The LC50 of two examined herbicides was significantly differentand the mortality rate was increased by increasing exposure time. Finally, these data support the hypothesis the possible risks associatedwith the presence of herbicides particularly Paraquat residues in the aquatic animals and their environment.

Yapılan çalışma Perikarditis Travmatika (PT) olan sığırların rutin klinik muayeneleri esnasında alınan venöz kan gazlarınınincelenmesi sonucu oluşturuldu. Bu çalışmanın amacı kan gazı analizinin Perikarditis Travmatikalı sığırlarda önemini ortayakoymaktır. Çalışmada Perikarditis Travmatika tanısı koyulan 22 adet 2-4 yaş aralığında olan sığır kullanıldı. Kan gaz analizleriiçin V. Jugularisten 2,5 ml kan alınarak 15 dk. içinde kan gazı cihazında analiz edildi. Yirmi sığırın kan pH'sı normal (7.35-7.50)sınırlarında iken, bir hayvanda hafif asidemi (7.20-7.35), 1 hayvanda ise metabolik alkaloz ( > 7.50) tespit edildi. Kan pCO2değeri bir hayvan ( > 50 mmHg) haricinde normal referans (30-40 mmHg) alarığında olduğu görüldü. Kan pO2 değeri 11 hayvanda< 30 mmHg seviyesininnin altında olduğu tespit edildi. Laktat seviyesi 8 hayvanda normal sınırlarda (< 2 mmol/L) iken,5 hayvanda klinik uyarı (2-4 mmol/L) seviyesinde, 9 hayvanda kritik seviyenin (>4 mmol/L) üzerinde olduğu görüldü. Potasyumseviyesinin 17 hayvanda normal sınırların (<3.8 mmol/L) altındaydı. HCO3 değeri 7 hayvanda normal (20-30 mEq/L)sınırların üzerinde, 2 hayvanın ise normal sınırların altında olduğu ve bu iki hayvanda hiperlaktatemi olduğu görüldü. Yükseklaktat laktat ile düşük SatO2 ve pO2 parametreleri PT'li sığırlarda doku hipoksisi şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarakkan gazı ölçümünün hastanın tedavi seçenekleri ve prognostik takip için kullanılmasının anlamlı olabileceği kanısına varıldı.

Bu çalışmada, yüksek düzeyde konsantre yemle beslenen Kıvırcık kuzularda yeme maya (Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Levabon Rumen E; Biomin,Avusturya) veya malik asit (Rumalato®; Norel & Nature S.A., Barselona, İspanya; disodyum malat ve kalsiyum malat içermektedir(0,16:0,84, w/w)) ilavesinin performans üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada 3 aylık yaşta 45 baş Kıvırcık ırkı erkek kuzukullanılmıştır. Hayvanlar ağırlıkları göz önünde bulundurularak, gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak bir fark olmayacak şekilde biri kontrol,diğer ikisi deneme olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubunun konsantre yemlerine hiçbir katkı maddesi eklenmemiş, deneme gruplarındanbirine 1,5 g/kg KM düzeyinde canlı maya kültürü, diğerine ise 5,0 g/kg KM malik asit tuzu ilave edilmiştir. Hayvanlar 60 gün süreile besiye alınmıştır. Bu süre boyunca hayvanların sürekli olarak temiz içme suyuna erişimleri olmasına dikkat edilmiş ve ad libitum olarak(%80: %20) konsantre yem:kuru ot karması ile beslenmişlerdir. Besi süresince kuzuların canlı ağırlıkları denemenin 0, 15, 30, 45 ve 60. günlerindesabah aç karnına yapılan tartımlarla saptanmış, verilen yemler her gün, artan yemler ise haftalık olarak tartılmıştır. Deneme sonundaher gruptan 7 baş kuzu kesilerek sıcak ve soğuk karkas ağırlıkları ile karkas randımanları saptanmıştır. Yem tüketimi ve yemden yararlanmaoranları grup beslemesi yapıldığı için istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmemiştir. Canlı ağırlık ve günlük canlı ağırlık artışlarında gruplar arasındaönemli bir fark gözlenmemiştir (p > 0,05). Sıcak ve soğuk karkas ağırlıkları ve karkas randımanları gruplar arasında istatiksel açıdan anlamlıfark göstermemiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada kuzularda yeme maya veya malik asit ilavesi performans üzerine istatistiksel olarak önemlibir etki göstermemiştir.

Experiments were designed to evaluate bacterial flora in semen culture of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Herein, semen samples werecollected from fish and standard microbiology techniques were processed for bacterial flora. The samples were serially diluted in physiologicalsaline (NaCl: 0.85%). Aliquots of 0.1 ml of each dilution were spread-plated onto Plate Count Agar (PCA) (Total Bacteria Count), Rose BengalAgar (RBC) (Yeast-Mold Count), VRBD (Enterobacteriaceae count) and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) (Micrococcus/Staphylococcus count).Micrococcus/Staphylococcus group bacteria (11.11%) were counted from brook trout (S. fontinalis) semen. Total bacteria count varied between103-105 cfu ml-1 in semen.

Herbicides are being used widely in agriculture and aquaculture for controlling noxious weeds. Paraquat and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) have been the most widely used herbicide during the past three decades. Toxicological properties of Paraquat are attributed to its abilityto produce reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion that may directly or indirectly cause cell death. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) is a broad-leaf, systemic, phenoxy herbicide used as the active ingredient in several commercially available aquatic herbicide products.Bioassay technique has been the cornerstone of programs on environmental health and chemical safety. The application of environmentaltoxicology studies on non-mammalian vertebrates is rapidly expanding. So the present study investigated the acute toxicity of Paraquat and2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) as aquatic ecosystems pollutants on Artemia franciscana. Artemia is one of the most suitable testorganisms available for ecotoxicity testing and research and most commonly used live food in aquaculture. Acute toxicity (48 h LC50) of twoherbicides (Paraquat, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) was determined. A. franciscana exposed to Serial concentrations of both mentionedherbicides. Mortalities at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after exposure were recorded and LC50 were calculated using Probit software. The resultsobtained indicate that the acute toxicity of these herbicides is significantly different in adult A. franciscana. The lethal concentration of Paraquatand 2,4-D were calculated 2.701, 14.475 mg/L in A. fransiscana respectively. So The LC50 of two examined herbicides was significantly differentand the mortality rate was increased by increasing exposure time. Finally, these data support the hypothesis the possible risks associatedwith the presence of herbicides particularly Paraquat residues in the aquatic animals and their environment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single intravenous dose of alfaxalone on canine splenic volume. In 6 adult beagle dogs the splenic volume [mean ± standard error (SE)] was determined by computed tomography to be 0.17 ± 0.02 L before alfaxalone administration and 0.24 ± 0.02 L (P = 0.0091) and 0.23 ± 0.02 L (P = 0.0268) 15 and 30 min, respectively, after alfaxalone administration. Hematocrits (mean ± SE) obtained at the same times were, respectively, 46.3% ± 1.3%, 40.6% ± 1.3% (P = 0.0015), and 41.7% ± 1.3% (P = 0.0057). In conclusion, alfaxalone caused relaxation of the canine splenic capsule and an increase in the splenic volume, along with a decrease in the hematocrit in these dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate in vitro phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of circulating blood neutrophils in horses with severe equine asthma and control horses and to determine whether circulating blood neutrophils in horses with severe equine asthma have an increase in expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the chemokine interleukin (IL)-8 and a decrease in expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in response to bacteria. ANIMALS 6 horses with severe equine asthma and 6 control horses. PROCEDURES Circulating blood neutrophils were isolated from horses with severe equine asthma and control horses. Phagocytosis was evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Bactericidal activity of circulating blood neutrophils was assessed by use of Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus zooepidemicus as targets, whereas the cytokine mRNA response was assessed by use of a quantitative PCR assay. RESULTS Circulating blood neutrophils from horses with severe equine asthma had significantly lower bactericidal activity toward S zooepidemicus but not toward S equi, compared with results for control horses. Phagocytosis and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Impairment of bactericidal activity of circulating blood neutrophils in horses with severe equine asthma could contribute to an increased susceptibility to infections.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate 3 contrast medium infusion (CMI) protocols for CT angiography (CTA) and measurement of major artery diameters in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). ANIMALS 9 African grey parrots with no detectable cardiovascular disease. PROCEDURES Each bird was anesthetized and underwent placement of an IV catheter in the left basilic vein and 16-slice CTA scanning (started at peak aortic enhancement) with each of 3 CMI protocols at ≥ 1-month intervals. Protocol 1 involved catheter flushing with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and IV infusion of iopamidol (2 mL) followed by saline solution (0.2 mL; total infused volume, 5 mL). Protocol 2 involved IV infusion of iopamidol (2 mL) followed by saline solution (0.4 mL; total infused volume, 2.4 mL). Protocol 3 involved catheter flushing with saline solution and IV administration of iopamidol (2 mL; total infused volume, 4.8 mL). The diameters of 6 major arteries were measured by 2 observers, and intra- and interobserver agreement, time-enhancement variables, and patient factors affecting contrast medium enhancement were assessed. RESULTS Among the 3 CMI protocols, CTA-derived arterial diameters differed significantly. Measurements obtained with protocol 2 were significantly larger than those obtained with the other protocols. Uniformity of the time-enhancement variables differed among CMI protocols. Patient factors had nonsignificant effects on contrast medium enhancement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Of the CMI protocols assessed, a 2-phase CMI protocol with a post-CMI saline solution flush was the most reliable for CTA-derived measurements of the major thoracic and abdominal arteries in African grey parrots. However, further technique modification is needed.