The current study was planned for the isolation and identification of Vibrio spp. from fish samples (tilapia, mugil, tuna, saurus, pagrus, and shrimp) retailed in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In addition to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. The PCR screening for virulence genes of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae was also determined. The results in the present study revealed that the most contaminated samples with Vibrio spp. were pagrus (56%), followed by tilapia (52 %), then mugil (44 %), saurus (40 %), tuna (36 %), and shrimp (36 %). The most prevalent Vibrio spp. were V. para­haemolyticus (18.6%) followed by V. mimicus (11.3%), and V. alginolyticus (10%). V. cholerae was isolated in a percentage of 0.7%. Vibrio species in the current study were highly resistant to erythromycin (100%), ampicillin (75%), cephalothin (66.7%), sulphamethoxazole (66.7%), and amikacin (50%). PCR screening of virulence genes among various Vibrio spp. revealed that V. parahaemolyticus harbored tlh (100 %), tdh (80 %), and trh (80 %). While, V. cholerae was positive for rtxC, hylA, and ompU genes. As a result, the current data proves Vibrio spp. contamination of fish, which displayed various degrees of antibiotic resistance. In addition, the isolated Vibrio spp. had virulent genes that could be dangerous to the consumer's health.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the bacteria most frequently associated with mastitis in cattle and buffalo, has a large number of genes connected to antibiotic resistance. The objective of the current research was to determine the erythromycin and macrolide resistance of S. aureus isolated from mastitic milk of cattle and buffalo, particularly resistance-related genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, ermT, and msrA). Therefore, 150 dairy cattle and 135 dairy buffalo bred by small farmers in various governorates of Egypt (Cairo, Giza, Kalyobia, Fayoum, and Kafr El-Sheikh) provided a total of 285 milk samples. Inspection revealed that a total of 34 (22.7%) and 36 (26.7%) milk samples from cattle and buffalo, respectively, had clinical mastitis. With a total recovery of 31 (44.3%) S. aureus isolates. Bacterial isolation and identification of S. aureus verified the isolation and identification of 14 (41.2%) and 17 (47.2%) S. aureus isolates from cattle and buffalo, respectively. Utilizing a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR method that targets the nuc gene, all S. aureus isolates were verified. In instances of bovine mastitis in India and Kenya, conventional PCR targeting the nuc gene, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, revealed a high homology (100%) with that of S. aureus strains isolated from milk. For the tested genes, the prevalence of resistant strains was 9.6% (ermA), 64.5% (ermB), 70.9% (ermC), 19.3% (ermT), and 9.6%. (msrA). Therefore, effective control measures should be adopted to stop the spread of drug-resistant S. aureus to humans.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide on the In-vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and on the In-vitro embryo developmental competence of buffaloes. Ovaries were obtained from the abattoir. Good quality oocytes (excellent & good) were matured in tissue culture medium -199 (TCM-199) vs. TCM-199 +10-6M zinc sulfate vs. TCM-199 +10-6 M nano zinc oxide enriched by fetal calf serum 10% (FCS) + 10 μg/ml follicle-stimulating hormone + 50 μg/ml gentamicin. The oocyte maturation was done in the incubator for 22 h in a humidified environment with CO2 5% and 38.5°C. Frozen-thawed semen was used to fertilize Mature oocytes, which were then incubated for 18 hours, before being cultured by synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) for 7 days. The obtained results showed that supplementing maturation medium with 10-6 M zinc sulfate and 10-6 M nano zinc oxide resulted in a significant (P˂0.05) rise in GIII cumulus cell expansion of buffalo oocytes by 52.93 %, and 59.75%, respectively, as compared to oocytes cultured in free medium (36.8%). G0 cumulus cell expansion showed a significant (P˂0.05) decrease in zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide groups (7.85, 3.29 %, respectively) when compared with oocytes cultured in free medium (14.73 %). The rate of maturation of oocytes with polar bodies was significantly greater in the zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide groups (86.98, and 92.43%, respectively) when compared with those matured in free medium (80.11%). The hatching (cleavage) rate was significantly greater (P˂0.05) in the zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide groups (83.17, 87.66 respectively %) when compared with the TCM-199 (free medium) group (78.60%). The transferable embryos (blastocyst & morula) rates significantly raised (P˂0.05) in the zinc sulfate (17.28 & 19.87 %, respectively) and nano zinc oxide groups (21.23 &26.21%, respectively) when compared with TCM-199 group (11.19 &13.75 %, respectively). In conclusion, in vitro maturation rate and transferable embryo rates in buffaloes improve by adding zinc sulfate and nano zinc oxide to the medium of maturation.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are mycotoxins produced by numerous species of Aspergillus. AFs contaminate agricultural commodities and thus feed and food including milk. So, this study aimed to assess the effect of the feeding type on the occurrence of AFM1 in camel milk. A total of 45 camel milk samples were obtained from the natural grazing herd in Shalatin (n= 20) and small scales farm breeding in Daraw (n= 25) in the period between September to December 2021. AFM1 levels were determined in these samples using the Vicam method. A significant difference was found between AFM1 levels in milk samples from herds of camels kept in a traditional environment (Natural grazing) and that in samples from camels in semi-intensive management systems (On-farm). Of note, all milk samples obtained from the nomadic area were free from AFM1, whereas, in the camel milk samples collected from a semi-intensive farm, AFM1 was reported in eight samples (32%) with 2 (8%) samples exceeding the EU Limits of 0.05 µg/ kg and 6 (24%) samples below such EU Limits. In conclusion, there was high contamination of milk samples obtained from camels reared on-farm with AFM1, while milk samples of camels naturally grazed were negative for AFM1. Therefore, milk hygiene from the farm, chilling, and distribution should be evaluated to reduce AFM1 levels in milk.

One of the most desired and promising diets in Egypt is beef products. It is an enriched media for mycotoxins. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species is inspected in commercial beef products, HPLC-quantitative amount of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 excesses, and genetic identification of aflatoxin regulatory gene (aflR1) by conventional PCR. Two hundred and forty commercial products (minced meat, beef kofta, beef sausage, beef burger, beef luncheon, frozen meat, beef frozen liver, chicken luncheon, chicken burger, chicken frozen liver, mloha, and fesikh; n=20 for each) were collected from different markets at Aswan City, Egypt. Enumeration, isolation, and identification of mold species were carried to each sample. The amount of aflatoxins was measured using HPLC. Genetic identification of the aflR1 gene in Aspergillus was performed using PCR. Mloha samples recorded the highest total mold count whereas the beef luncheon recorded the lowest mould count. Four fungal genera were identified and Aspergillus spp recorded the main with an incidence of 25.8%. By PCR, the aflR1 gene was productively augmented in all the tested Aspergillus spp. The findings illustrated that among the samples that were examined; the prevalence of AFB1 was 65%, followed by AFG2 at 63%, AFB2 at 40%, and AFG1 at 30%. Additionally, mloha (724.2±14.6), poultry frozen liver (288±6.7), and beef frozen liver (91.6±12.2) had higher mean values of total aflatoxins contamination than other samples. Every sample that has been analyzed shows a positive correlation between the amount of reduced total mycotoxins found in the samples and the increased dose of gamma irradiation used to treat the samples. Conclusion: Aflatoxin is frequently linked to meat, poultry, and fish, as well as the products made from these foods. The production of aflatoxin in meat, as well as the products made from it, creates a danger to the public’s health. Thus, the most effective way to prevent aflatoxigenic mould contamination during the product’s production stages is to apply stringent hygienic standards when processing meat products and to use high-quality flavoring agents as spices.

Pseudomonas is a food-poisoning microorganism that poses a threat to people's health. This study's goal was to assess the variety and occurrence of Pseudomonas species, with a focus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was found to be contaminating frozen poultry products during storage in some markets. 200 frozen chicken product samples, including 40 of each type (breast, thigh, burger, pane, and kofta), were gathered from various stores in the Faiyoum government, Egypt, throughout 2022. Pseudomonas species were isolated from a total of 39.5% of all samples tested, according to the findings. Bacteriological and biochemical analyses revealed the main isolated pseudomonas spp. to be P. aeruginosa (36.7%), followed by P. fluorescens (30.4%), P. putida (15.2%), and P. diminuta (6.3%). Antibiotic sensitivity affirmed the higher sensitivity of the isolates to various antibacterial drugs utilized in Egypt, comprising Tetracycline, Ampicillin, and Penicillin (100%) and being followed by Sulfamethoxazole (86.2%), Chloramphenicol (62%), and Streptomycin (51.15%). On the other hand, Amikacin (86.2%) and Norfloxacin (74.9%) were found to have the highest sensitivity. P. aeruginosa strains that were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were positive for the 16S rDNA unique to P. aeruginosa and carried the toxR (50%) and exoS (30%) virulence genes. Chicken fillets dipped in lemon juice and pomegranate peel extract (PPE) at 5% for 36 hours decreased the P. aeruginosa count by 62.4% and 56.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the current research confirms the contamination of frozen chicken products by Pseudomonas species. Immersion of chicken fillet in lemon juice (5% w/v) and PPE (5% w/v) can increase its quality and lengthen its shelf life by improving its sensual characteristics and implementing a successful approach for reducing P. aeruginosa in chicken products.

The study was assumed to verify the effect of garlic and coriander essential oils on quality parameters of fish. Deteriorative changes of fish could be occurred directly after catching, thus Seventy-five Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) (150 fillet samples) were divided into five groups, with the control group being dipped in sterile distilled water, the second and third groups being dipped in garlic essential oil (GEO) 1% (w/v) and 2%, and the fourth and fifth groups being dipped in coriander essential oil (CEO) 1% (w/v) and 2%, respectively. On the sixth day of storage, the sensory analysis revealed that all treated groups were considerably (P  <0.05) greater than the control. The initial pH value for all group were 6.02 ± 0.01 while on the 6th day of chilling was 6.48 ± 0.02, 6.24 ± 0.04, 6.13 ± 0.03, 6.31 ± 0.01, and 6.19 ± 0.04 in control, GEO 1%, GEO 2%, CEO 1% and CEO 2%, respectively. The Trimethylamine (TMA-N) mean values on the 6th  day were 10.16± 0.21 , 6.11 ± 0.14, 3.91 ± 0.10, 7.12 ± 0.12, and 4.26 ± 0.14 mg N/100 g in control GEO 1%, GEO 2%, CEO 1% and CEO 2%, respectively. On the third and sixth days of storage, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in the control group was substantially greater than in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The initial counts of Staphylococcus were 5.24 ± 0.32 log10 CFU/g in the control and were reduced to 4.02 ± 0.18, 3.22 ± 0.13, 4.13 ± 0.16 and 3.35 ± 0.18 log10 CFU/g in GEO 1%, GEO 2%, CEO 1% and CEO 2%, respectively on the 6th day of chilling. The pseudomonas counts significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on the 3rd and 6th day of chilling in all treated groups in comparison with the control group. Therefore, Garlic and coriander essential oils have the ability to enhance sensory, delay spoilage parameters, reduce bacterial load in cold stored O. niloticus fillet in addition to prolong the shelf life.

The study was designed to review the occurrence of Streptococcus equi (S. equi) infection in Egyptian Arabian horses, investigate the virulence gene and phage-related bacterial superantigens (SeeM, seeI, SeeH, and SeeL) of S. equi in the isolates, and evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics of horses with its infection. A total of 100 horses were examined, with 80 having respiratory tract infections and 20 healthy horses. Samples of nasal swabs, pus, and blood were collected for laboratory diagnosis. Bacterial isolation, identification, and molecular diagnosis of S. equi were performed using a polymerase chain reaction. 34% of samples from diseased horses were detected for S. equi, and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S. equi revealed that Penicillin G was highly effective, followed by Ceftiofur, while ampicillin and tetracycline were less effective. S. equi showed high resistance to Vancomycin and Chloramphenicol. Molecular characterization of S. equi revealed that the 16S rRNA gene, sodA gene, seM gene, SeeM gene, and seeI gene were amplified in all tested isolates. Further analysis showed that three isolates were optimistic for the virulence gene SeeH, while the SeeL gene was found in two isolates. The hematological and biochemical analysis revealed that Arabian horses that were strangled exhibited anemia, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Additionally, there was an increase in the levels of total proteins, serum globulins, serum AST, potassium, and phosphorus. Conversely, there was a decrease in the levels of albumin, calcium, and sodium in the affected horses, while creatinine and urea showed no significant changes. Treatment with penicillin resulted in an improvement in all. The study underscores the importance of taking appropriate measures to prevent and control S. equi infection in horses to minimize the potential impact on animal health and economic losses.

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that triggers significant economic losses in animals. The study’s goal was to reveal the infection with hydatid cysts in animals slaughtered in Elbehera Governorate, Egypt, as well as perform histopathology and molecular characterization of camel cysts using the cox-1 and G1Y162 genes. Elbehera governorate had a total prevalence of 0.35%. Kom-Hamada abattoir had the highest prevalence of 1.7%. Camels had the highest prevalence of 2.17% among the examined animals. Summer had the highest prevalence, at 0.55%. Females had a higher prevalence than males, except for camels. The older animals were infected at a higher rate than the younger ones, except for the buffalo. Location and season had a significant impact on the prevalence, while sex only impacted the prevalence in cattle and buffaloes. The lung had a higher infection than the liver. The cox-1 and G1Y162 genes PCR reactions provided specific DNA bands, and the sequences were for Echinococcus canadensis. The phylogenetic tree of cox-1 indicated that the Egyptian sequence of Elbehera governorate belongs to genotype 6 (G6) of the Echinococcus complex. The sequence shared an identity percentage of up to 99% with previous Egyptian sequences and other E. canadensis in camels from Iran, Mauritania, Algeria, and Sudan. The phylogenetic tree of the G1Y162 protein sequences confirmed that the Egyptian sequence is E. canadensis. Due to the presence of cysts of zoonotic Echinococcus species in slaughtered animals, stringent health regulations are required to prevent infection in animals and humans.

A total of 50 random samples of freshly slaughtered broiler chickens were randomly collected from different private local poultry retailers in Port-Said Province, Egypt, and then transferred to Animal Health Research Institute. The study was conducted for the determination of the total colony counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, total Staphylococcus aureus count, and total Escherichia coli count. In addition to the detection of Salmonella spp. The obtained results revealed that the total colony count ranged from 3.98 to 6.91 log cfu/g with a mean value of 6.33+5.59 log cfu/g and the Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged from 2.23 to 4.82 with a mean value of 4.21+3.52. Meanwhile, the incidence rate of S. aureus, E. coli, and salmonella in the examined samples was 10%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. The count of S. aureus ranged from 1 to 3 log cfu/g with a mean value of 2.47±1.61 log cfu/g and the E. coli count ranged from 2.11 to 3.74 log cfu/g with a mean value of 3±2.28 log cfu/g. The total colony counts were within the Egyptian Standard by 24% and exceed the standard by 76%. From the achieved results, it was concluded that chicken meat could be contaminated with several types of bacteria through slaughtering, handling, and cross-contamination in the market which affect the chicken meat quality and have public health hazards. The high contamination level of chicken meat indicates the poor hygienic measures applied during the slaughtering process and marketing.