Serological surveillance programs in animal populations are becoming increasingly important to estimate prevalence of a specific disease and subsequently to document disease-free status in a region or a country. For these purposes, the programs need to be based on both theoretical and economical aspects from the designing phase. From Aujeszky's disease (AD)-eradication program point of view, group of animals (aggregates, herds) not individual animal is the more important sampling unit of concern.

The risk of an outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) was evaluated in relation to the vaccination and seroprevalence of antibodies. Blood samples were collected from 60 piggeries throughout Korea and information regarding CSF vaccination habits was also obtained via in-person interviews with pig farmers. The results of the survey indicated that 51 out of 60 farms were regularly performing CSF vaccinations in reproductive herds. Farmers preferred to vaccinate their reproductive pigs before weaning (41 farms) than on (9 farms) or after weaning (1 farm).

Objective--To evaluate antimicrobial activity of bovine bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (bBPI)-derived synthetic peptides against mastitis-causing gram-negative bacteria. Sample Population--Bacterial isolates from the milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Procedures--3 peptides were synthesized with sequences corresponding to amino acids 65 to 99 (bBPI6599) or 142 to 169 (bBPI142169) or the combination of amino acids 90 to 99 and 148 to 161 (bBPI9099,148161) of bBPI. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these peptides against bacterial isolates from cows with mastitis were determined by use of a standardized broth microdilution assay. The ability of these peptides to retain their antimicrobial activity in serum and milk was also evaluated. Finally, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neutralizing activity of these peptides was assayed with the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Results--Of the 3 peptides tested, bBPI9099,148161 had the widest spectrum of antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 16 to 64 Mg/mL against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter spp and from 64 to 128 Mg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of the peptides had any growth-inhibitory effect on Serratia marcescens. The antimicrobial activity of bBPI9099,148161 was inhibited in milk, but preserved in serum. Finally, bBPI142169 and bBPI9099,148161 completely neutralized LPS. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--bBPI9099,148161 is a potent neutralizer of the highly proinflammatory molecule bacterial LPS and has antimicrobial activity against a variety of gram-negative bacteria. The ability of bBPI9099,148161 to retain antimicrobial activity in serum suggests a potential therapeutic application for this peptide in the management of gram-negative septicemia.

Out of 437 sheep inspected (1963 male and 2474 female), 242 (5.45%) sheep among 268 specimens collected from suspected cases of dermatophytosis, which had clinical lesions of dermatophytic infections, that confirmed by positive culture on (SDA+Chloramphenicol+Cycloheximide) supplemented with thiamine and yeast extract and /or by direct microscopic examination using 10% KOH solution. The ringworm infections were varied from summer months (June— October, 2005) to those of winter months (November.2005 to March,2006) which were 59 (3.06%) and 183 (7.29%) respectively . The fungus affect both, the .outer layers of the skin as well as wool. It was spread centrally outward causing more or less circular areas of wool loss leaving scaly to powdery skin which was gray-white in color, measuring 2-10 cm. in diameter. The head, ears, loin, and neck were the most areas had been affected. The only causative fungus isolated was Trichophyton verrucosum

In an experimental study was designed to evaluate the immunopathological effect of sensitized Mycobacterium bovis transfer factor in guinea pigs organs against challenge infection with these microorganisms. The results of this study were showed the followings: 1: Transfer factor recipient group:It was showed an early aggregations of macrophages and lymphocytes (early granuloma) in lungs and liver and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and macrophages proliferation in the paracortical region of mediastinal lymph node and in periarteriolar sheath areas in the white pulps of the spleen (T cell regions).These early granulomas were persisted during 2" and 4h week postinocultation and slightly decreased and disappeared during the 6h and 8h weeks postinoculation respectively. 2:Group of infection with Mycobacterium bovis:It was showed on extensive tubercuclous granutomatous lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and in the mediastinal and hepatic lymph nodes.The lesions were initiated at 2nd week postinoculation and it gradually developed into extensive tuberculous granuloma with central caseation, during the 4h and 6h weeks postinoculation.These lesions were persisted and continued during 8h week postinoculation. Two animals died at 7h week postinoculation due to generalized tuberculosis. 3:Transfer factor recipient group and challenged with Mycobacterium bovis. It was showed a well developed granulomatous reactions in the lungs, liver, spleen and mediastinal and hepatic lymph nodes. These granulomas consisted of aggregation of epitheliod cells, lymphocytes and few giant cells without caseastion. These granulomas were initated during the 2' week and gradually increased in size in the 4h week and decreased at 6h week and completely disappeared during the 8th week postinoculation. No animals were died in this group. 4: Control group:It was showed neither morphological and nor histological lesions in the body organs.

The influence oi‘Ai'oe vera oil extract,on wound healing was studied topically, the study involved preparation bf oil extract of Aloe vera ,also preparation of oil ointment was done .The study‘ involved b8 female rabbits, they were divided A into three groups (3"tf"St gm" a'"'"a' treated f°' (3 days) , 7th:second group treated for (7days) _ and 14"‘ day post wounding: third group treated for (14 days ).2full thickness incisional open wounds were done on the shoulder region of each group animals The wound(treated and control)were treated cpntinuously with 0.5mg oil ointment. All wounds evaluated macroscopically to the degree of (hyperemia and exudation )and microscopically to the neutrophil and macrophages infiltration ,re-epithelization fibroblast proliferation with collagen deposition and new blood capillary formation. Both macroscopic and microscopic results show the efficacy Show of Aloe vera oil extract in healing process as compared with control wounds.

This study was designed on to show the effect of albendazol and mebendazol alon and their combination on surviral , development and size of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolicies of (10 mg/ml) intraperitoneal in mice. The study show that the mebendazol and combination drugs were greater than the albendzol during on the first four days nor effect on the five day in vivo intraperitoneal administration of combination drugs were greater than albendazol and mebendazol alone on the development and size of cysts which about (5.2±2.17) , (7.0±1.0) , (10.0±3.16) for the development and (1.13±0.38) , (1.18±0.54) , (1.20±0.49) for the ysts size.

Antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests serve as standard assays for measuring the activity of compounds against pathogenic bacteria. In the current study, some plant-derived proprietary essential oil blends (Olea europaea , Pimpinella anisum L. , Coriandrum sativum , Matricaria chamomilla L. , Borago officinalis , Cimum basilicum L. , Cuminum cyminum , Thymus vulgaris thymol , Menta xpiperita L. , Rosmarinas officinalis comphora) were tested for their antibacterial activity against five common strains of pathogenic bacteria using disk susceptibility tests. A formulation intended for topical use (Essential Oil Formulation 1) (EOF1) inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus as evidenced by zone inhibition diameter measurements when compared to those reported for standard antibiotics. EOF 1 exhibited no activity against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The second formulation (Essential Oil Formulation 2) (EOF2), intended for inhalation use, inhibited the growth of all five test bacteria strains with zone inhibition diameters two to three times greater than those reported for standard antibiotics. The growth of all five bacteria strains was inhibited when a cotton swab impregnated with EOF 2 was suspended above the bacterial lawn, indicating a true vapor or fume effect by this formulation.

The twenty adult local male rabbits of mean body weight of 1 kgm and mean age of 6 months were randomly allocated into two groups of ten animals, each group was fed during the period of experiment on a standard diet . The first group was regarded as control and received 3ml of physiological saline orally for a month. The second group was drenched ethanolic extract of Taraxacum officinale (500 mg/kg/day) for one month . Those male were joined with females after treatment for a week to study the effect on fertility and reproductive efficiency. The following results were obtained: The ethanolic extract of Taraxacum officinale caused highly significant increase (p

The amount of four minerals (Magnesium, Calcium, Selenium and copper) and total protein of hydatid cysts fluid obtained from lung and liver of sheep and cow was checked. Magnesium (Mg+2) and calcium (Ca+2) showed higher levels in cysts of sheep than those of cow which was (8.38, 29.11, 7.90, 25.70 mmol/L) respectively whereas the selenium (Se+) and copper (Cu+) showed a little differences in both species. Total protein amonts were found to have wide range in both animal species.