Cestodes are parasitic flatworms that live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults and often in the liver, muscle, haemocoel, mesentery and brain of various animals as larval stages. To identify the cestodes infecting Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (sharptooth catfish) in the Vaal Dam, a total of 45 host specimens were collected with the aid of gill nets between October 2011, January and April 2012. The fish were sacrificed and examined for cestode parasites. Two adult cestodes, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 (prevalence 86.7%, mean intensity = 15, n = 45) and Proteocephalus glanduligerus (Janicki, 1928) (prevalence 51.1%, mean intensity = 5, n = 45) were found in the intestines of the catfish. Both T. ciliotheca and P. glanduligerus are new locality records. There were statistically insignificant differences in the infection of the male and female C. gariepinu. Fish with standard length ranging from 40 cm - 54 cm (>3 years) had the highest prevalence and mean intensity while those ranging from 10 cm - 24 cm (< 1 year) had the lowest prevalence and mean intensity for both cestodes. The study highlights the importance of changing feeding habits of C. gariepinus with age on the prevalence and mean intensity of the two gastrointestinal cestode parasites.

The results of this study showed that the liver of coot bird fulica atra is closely resample to the liver of fowl that it lies in the ventral part of the body cavity and seems red-brown in color and divided into two lobes, right and left . Histologically the liver of coot bird enclosed by thin capsule of connective tissue that continue to subdivided the liver into lobules . The hepatocyte which arranged radially around the central vein as hepatocord in two cells thickness . These cells are polygonal in shape and have rounded nucleus and there is present of sinusoids between hepatocords which lined by flattened endothelial cells .

The aim of this study investigate the effects of long term administration of Dexamethasone (DEX.) 17 β-estradiol (EST.) on body weight, concentration of some hormones ( Leptin, thyroid and reproductive hormone) in addition to determination of lipid profile of female rabbits blood serum. Thirty local rabbits were subdivided randomly and equally into three groups. The first group was used as a control which injected with normal saline . The second group was injected daily (0.5mg /kg B.W) DEX . Intramuscularly. The third group was injected subcutaneously daily with 0.3 mg /kg B.W s/c 17 β-estradiol. All groups in this study were treated for 60 days , and blood collected every 15 days. Serum was tested for leptin, LH, FSH, T3, T4 hormones total Cholesterol(TC), HDL(height density lipo-protein), LDL (low density lipo- protein),TG (triglycerides), Body weight was taken every 15 days from the first day . The result showed significant (P≤0.05) decreased in body weight after administration of both dexamethasone (DEX.) and Estrogen (EST.), significant increased in leptin concentration with dexamethasone (DEX.) Treatment while significant decreased with Estrogen (EST.) treatment, in the other hand LH and FSH concentration showed significant decreased in both treatment dexamethasone (DEX.) and Estrogen (EST.) thyroid hormone show significant decreased with dexamethasone (DEX.) Treatment and significant increased T3 & T4 hormone with Estrogen (EST.) treatment as compare with control while the increase in the T4 it was occurred only in the periods (45and 60)days within treatment groups , lipid profile (TC,TG,LDL, HDL,VLDL) show significant increased with DEX. treatment while Significant decreased with EST. treatment

Thirty local female rabbits were divided randomly and equally into three groups. The 1st group used as control which injected with phosphate buffer salin. The 2nd group was injected daily with leptin (5μg/animal) S/c. The 3rd group was injected subcutaneously daily with (10μg/animal) S/c. All groups were treated for 60 days, and blood samples were collected every 15 days, serum was tested for T3, T4 hormones, total Cholesterol (TC), HDL (height density lipo-protein) , LDL (low density lipo- protein), TG (triglycerides) and Body weight was taken every 15 days during the experiment . The result show significant (P≤0.05) decreased in body weight after administration of leptin in two doses. Significant increased in Thyroid hormone after leptin administration. While lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL, HDL,VLDL) show significant decreased with leptin treatment(5 and 10μg/animal) S/c.

The present study amid to characterized the potential toxic effects of bismuth chloride through oral administration on blood and biochiemical parameters of laboratory rats.Solutions of bismuth chloride were chronically feed by stomach tube to rats in(2.5mg/kg and 5 mg/kg).Animals were anesthetized after two months and blood samples were obtained,blood and biochemical parameters were appreciated between control and experimental Groups.The investigation of blood parameters included red blood cells count (RBC) hemoglobin concentration,packed cell volume PCV and total white blood cell count(WBC)biochemical parameters included total serum cholesterol(TSCH),alanin aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST).The results showed significant decrease (p≤0.05) of R.B.C count ,Hb concentrations PCV value and total W.B.C count in contrast ,there was significant increase(p≤0.05) of the total serum cholesterol(,ALTand AST) activities.

This study to evaluate the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF) at a rate of 2.5 and 5 ppm on liver histopathological appearance of local quails.sixty quail chicks at one day old randomly divided into two pen replicates of ten chicks each were assigned to each of three dietary treatments. 1) basal diet containing no AF/kg diet (control); 2) basal diet supplemented with 2.5 ppm diet and 3) basal diet supplemented with 5 ppm diet. The chicks were individually weighed on a weekly basis, feed consumption and body weight gain were recorded weekly. The trial period was 5 weeks and quails were maintained on 24-h continuous light schedule and ad libitum access to diets and water. Feeding Aflatoxin to quails included liver fatty changes, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia and aggregation of lymphocyte . The intensity of these changes were increased with increasing AF level in the diet. The results indicated that local quails are sensitive to AF

ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ (Piper cubeba) ﺔﺑﺎﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﻟ ﺕﺎﺼﻠﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ ﺮﻴﻀﺤﺗ ﻢﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻪﻳﻮﺘﺤﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻒﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺗ .ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻧﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺍﺫﻹﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﺩﺭﺎﺑ ﻲﺋﺎﻣﻭ ﻲﻣﺭﻮﻓﺭﻮﻠﻛﻭ ﻲﻧﻮﺘﻴﺳﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﻮﺤﻛ ﻮﻤﻧ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺼﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﺔﻳﺮﻴﺘﻜﺑ ﺪﻀﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﻛ ﺕﺎﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﺼﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ Pseudomonas aeruginosa ﻭ Escherichia coli ﻡﺍﺮﻛ ﺔﻐﺒﺼﻟ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﺛﺍ ﺎﻳﺮﻴﺘﻜﺑ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺼﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺮﻬﻅﺍ Staphylococcus aureus ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﺍﺮﻛ ﺔﻐﺒﺼﻟ ﺔﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻣﺭﻮﻓﺭﻮﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻮﺘﻴﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻳﻻﺍ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻀﻓﻻﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ، ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻗ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ًﺎﻄﺒﺜﻣ ﻭ E.coli ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ S. aureus ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻟﺍﻭ In this study extracts of Piper cubeba fruit were prepared using mechanical method. These extracts include alcoholic, acetonic, chloroformic and water extract. The chemical composition of each extracts were analyzed also. After that the antibacterial activity of these extracts were tested against gram negative (G-) Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive (G+) Staphylococcus aureus. All extracts show antibacterial activity on these bacteria, but ethanol and acetone extracts were show the best antibacterial activity S. aureus, followed by chloroform extract and then water extract, on the other hand water extract showed inhibition activity against E.coli and P. aeruginosae followed by ethanol, acetone and chloroform extract. MIC was determined for each extracts against the three pathogenic bacterial strain.

Bovine trichomoniasis is a venereal disease of cattle caused by the protozoan Trichomonas fetus . The study based on collection and diagnosis 200 samples of preputial wash from bulls that send to the Al-Tuaisa slaughter house in Basrah private by made a slide smear stained with Gemza stain . The study starts at 2011 and extend to 2012 . The result shows that the percentage of infection in bulls that slaughtered in a slaughter house of Basrah private was 2% .

The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological lesions in the liver,kidney and lung sections in rats with sepsis that experimentally induced by cecal ligation and puncture CLP procedure to induce intra-abdominal infection. It was found that CLP models leads to higher mortality rate comparisons to sham-operated and un– operated animals. Also there were severe lesions in the liver , kidney and lung of rats with sepsis , characterized by severe massive necrosis in hepatic cells , while the histopathological changes in kidney of CLP rats revealed severe glomerulonehritis with infiltration of inflammatory cells , in lung , severe interstitial and bronchial pneumonia , with presence of severe thickening of blood vessel wall with thrombi . In conclusion, the results of this study have demonstrated that CLP induces high mortality rate , an acute systemic septic state with multiple organ dysfunction especially the Liver , kidney and Lung based on histopathological observations . These features were not observed in sham - operated or un-operated rats .

Ten eyes (5 right + 5 left ) of five healthy one humped camels (3 male +2 females) aged between (8-12) years old, brought from Shulla slaughter house at Baghdad governorate -Iraq. The study showed that the ciliary body located at the base of iris inside the eye ball (Topographically at limbus) in histological section of eye ball appeared as triangular area.The microscopical examination observed the ora ciliaris retinae ( line of ending Retinae and choroid ) this site represent limits and indicate the area of gradually changed choroid to ciliary body, which posses (111-115) ciliary prosses act as site of zonulary ligament attachment. That important in modification of eye lens during vision