Layer chickens are an important species of poultry that has the ability to produce a large amount of eggs destined for consumption. However, after the end of the period of egg production and the preparation of their carcasses for marketing, the physicochemical quality of their meat is subject to debate. Therefore, a total of 100 random laying chicken samples intended for slaughter are randomly collected from different farms at Ismailia city after the end of the egg production period. All samples were inspected to ensure their suitability for consumers through determination of its live weight, carcass weight, dressing weight and meat weight. Other search aim was to determine of the physiochemical quality of this examined layer meat samples by estimation of pH, drip loss, cooking loss, proximate chemical analysis in comparing to broiler samples as control and the Egyptian standard specification. The results revealed that, there is a significant increase (P<0.05) in the live weight and carcass weight of layer carcasses by 5.4% and 22.1% respectively more than broiler, while there was insignificant increase (P>0.05) in dressing weight of layer carcasses. There were a significant increase (P<0.05) in pH, drip loss and cooking loss in layer hen meat in compared to broiler meat. Using of acid milk as marinating techniques could improve sensory and physical quality of layer meat and could prefer by consumers.

Betamethasone, a fluorinated and synthetic steroid, is a commonly used glucocorticoid. To our knowledge, no available studies exist concerning the hyperlipidemic effect of betamethasone dipropionate (BDP) in rabbits. Therefore, the current study was conducted to highlight the effects of intramuscular injection of BDP on lipid profile in rabbits, investigate the possible mechanism underlying the produced effects and evaluate the possible antihyperlipidemic effect of atorvastatin (ATR) and fenofibrate (FFB). For this purpose, twenty male New Zealand rabbits were classified into control, BDP (0.5 ml/kg B.wt/ IM/day/single dose), BDP+ATR; rabbits were IM injected with BDP, then they were orally given ATR (1.9 mg./kg. B.wt./ once/ day/ month) and group IV (BDP+FFB); rabbits were IM injected with BDP then they were orally given FFB (7.5 mg/kg B.wt/ once/ day/ month). The obtained result revealed that single IM injection of BDP produced a significant elevation in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL level with a significant decline in HDL in comparison to control group on the 3rd,7th,14th, 21st, 30th day of the experiment. On the 30th day of the experiment there was an increase in the ALT, AST, MDA, VCAM-1 as well as a significant decrease in TAC. Furthermore, BDP induced a significant increase in HMG-COA reductase gene expression and a significant decrease in lipoprotein lipase gene expression. Oral administration of ATR or FFB concurrently with BDP for a month succeeded in reducing the hyperlipidemia induced by BDP in rabbits.

Ceftriaxone is a broad spectrum antimicrobial that commonly used in chicken farms for the purpose of the control of avian bacterial diseases. However, the use of ceftriaxone can be associated with some adverse effects. This study examined vitamin E's protective properties against ceftriaxone-induced histopathological, inflammatory, and oxidative damage in broiler chickens challenged with E. coli. When broiler chicks are exposed to E. coli O78, colibacillosis was developed. The sickened birds displayed a variety of general clinical symptoms. Ceftriaxone was used as a treatment and could lower morbidity and fatality rates to 10% and 4%, respectively. The use of ceftriaxone was associated with the occurrence of some histopathological lesions. In addition, either E. coli or ceftriaxone could cause alterations in erythrogram, antioxidant status, and induction of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, the use of vitamin E with ceftriaxone could markedly improve the histopathological alterations and upregulate the antioxidant status and reduce the release of the inflammatory markers. In conclusion, the present study's findings showed that ceftriaxone is a powerful antibacterial drug, especially when used to treat E. coli in broilers. Vitamin E is strongly advised for usage in broilers to minimize ceftriaxone-induced adverse effects.

A natural fermentation product called ivermectin (IVM), which is generated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, is a broad range of anthelmintic, pesticide, and antiviral. Several immune system functions are impacted by zinc. The goal of the current investigation was to determine how therapeutic doses of ivermectin and monozinc affected the liver, spleen, and lung in terms of histopathological changes, as well as the clinical results of lymphocytes, TNF, and γ globulin. Fifteen female white albino rats were equally divided into three groups, group 1 was assigned as a control, and group 2 received a therapeutic dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg BW/SC) with 18 mg of zinc per day orally for one month, and group 3 that received a double therapeutic dose of zinc (0.36 mg/kg BW/SC) orally for one month. The observed macroscopic histopathological changes in group 2 were enlargement of the livers with microscopical mild vacuolation of some hepatocytes with hyperplasia of Kupffer cells. Some areas of the liver showed necrotic changes. The lungs were congested and showed catarrhal pneumonia. The spleens were enlarged and congested, and showed microscopically, hyalinization of the central arterioles with an increase in the lymphocytes of the white pulp and hemorrhage in the red pulp. The histopathological changes in group 3 indicated congestion of the central vein and hepatic sinusoids with hemosiderin pigment and perivascular aggregation of mononuclear cells in the liver, while the lungs, microscopically showed mild catarrhal bronchitis, and the spleen showed hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicle of the white pulp ad reduction of the red pulp. The obtained results of the present study indicated that ivermectin with zinc act as immunostimulants for different cells responsible for immunity in the body tissue.

This study aimed to detect the adulteration of different types of soft cheese with vegetable oils. Therefore, a total of 36 samples (6 for each) of Talaga, Kiri spread, Baramili spread, Baramili, and white and yellow feta cheese were collected from local markets in Damietta governorate, Egypt. The samples were evaluated for their chemical composition, assessed their fatty acid profile using gas chromatography, and estimated their peroxide value. The chemical evaluation revealed that all Talaga, Baramili, white and yellow feta cheese samples were matching the Egyptian standards while all Kiri and Baramili spread samples didn't match. By comparing the fatty acid profile of the control cow milk with that of the examined cheese samples, there were differences in certain FAs values demonstrating the fat impurity in the cheese samples. 83% of Talaga samples and all other cheese types were adulterated with vegetable oils. The saturated FA decreased, unsaturated FA increased and the peroxide value elevated, conversely from the situation in control milk, that happened in 50% of Talaga and white feta, and 100% of other types. In conclusion, FA profile estimation could be an efficient detection method for vegetable oil adulteration in dairy products.

Increasing somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk has a great effect on the chemical characteristics of milk especially fat, protein, lactose, and casein. So, rapid detection of these changes lead to great improvement of milk investments as, it facilitates mastitis control process. For rapid detection of these changes, Bacsomatic™ instrument was used for SCC determination and Milkoscan™ for determination of fat, protein, lactose, and casein percent. There were significance differences between SCC and fat, protein, lactose and casein as p≤0.0001. Also, there were negative correlation (r) between SCC and fat, lactose and casein percent while, there was a positive correlation (r) between SCC and protein. So, control measures for prevention of mastitis, increased SCC (scc/ml) and monitoring were suggested to control changes in chemical constituents of milk.

The goal of the current investigation was to test various samples of ready-to-eat food and human stool for EPEC. A total of 450 food product samples, including chicken paneeh, chicken burgers, chicken luncheons, beef burgers, minced meat, and kariesh cheese (75 each), and 100 human stool samples (60 from diarrheal people and 40 from healthy people) were randomly gathered from various supermarkets in the Alexandria province. To isolate and identify enteropathogenic E. coli, samples were examined bacteriologically. In addition, the recovered isolates underwent a molecular approach employing PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of four virulence indicators, and the antibiogram pattern of the isolates was established. It was found that the highest rate of isolation of E. coli was recorded in the examined samples of chicken paneeh (8%) followed by chicken luncheon and minced meat (5.3% of each), Kariesh cheese (4%) and lastly beef burger (2.7%). Concerning stool samples, the rate of isolation was 11.7% and 5% in diarrheic and apparently healthy individuals, respectively. Serotyping of the recovered E. coli isolates (n=21) from food samples revealed the detection of serotype O157:𝐻7 (EHEC) (47.6%), serotype O111:H8 (EHEC) (23.8 %), serotype O26:H11 (EHEC) (19.0%), serotype O125:H21 (ETEC) (4.8%) and serotype O128:H2 (EAEC) (4.8%) while identified serotypes from stool samples (n=9) were O127:𝐻40 serotype (EPEC) (33.3 %), O115:H83 serotype (EPEC) (55.56 % ) and O157:H7 serotype (EHEC) (11.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli strains to 11 antimicrobial agents was performed. The recorded results clarified that STEC isolated was found to be highly sensitive to Nalidixic acid (76.19%, 77.7%) and Doxycycline (90.5%, 88.89%), while it was moderately sensitive to Ampicillin (52.3%, 44.4%) and Erythromycin (47.6 %, 44.4%). Moreover, it was high resistance to Vancomycin (76.19%, 77.7 %) and cephalexin (81.0%, 77.7%) from food and stool respectively. The recovered E. coli isolates from the tested materials, either chicken products or stool, were effectively molecularly characterized using Real time PCR, which included the Stx1, Stx2, eaeA, and hylA genes. Despite the relatively low rate of isolation of enteropathogenic E. coli, it was determined from the data that retail food products in Alexandria pose a risk to human health.

The high nutritional value of milk and dairy products renders them susceptible for bacterial contamination easily under the absence of hygienic practices and regulations. Therefore, a total of 100 random samples of milk and milk products (25 of each: raw milk, kareish cheese, processed cheese and ice cream) were collected from both Sharkia and Dakahlia Provinces, Egypt, for microbiological examinations. Staphylococcus. aureus and Pseudomonas. aeroginosa counts were performed using HiCrome™ Staph Selective Agar (Himedia, Mumbai) and Pseudomonas Agar Base (Himedia, Mumbai) with glycerol and CetriNix Supplement (Himedia, Mumbai) as a selective media. The obtained results revealed that the mean S. aureus counts in the examined raw milk, kariesh cheese, processed cheese and ice cream were 3.08x105±1.73x105, 3.20x105±2.80x105, 5.78x104±4.24x104 and 6.60x105±2.93x105 CFU/g, respectively; the mean Pseudomonas. aeruginosa counts in the examined raw milk, kariesh cheese, processed cheese and ice cream were 2.02x106±1.24x106, 1.85x104±8.80x104, 2.26x105±1.43x105 and 7.68x105±4.22x105 CFU/g, respectively According to the Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality (EOS) all samples examined in this study exceeded the permissible limits of S. aureus counts reported in Egyptian Standards. The examined samples were not accepted for S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa count. In conclusion, the examined products revealed unsatisfactory hygienic measures. Therefore, strict hygienic practices should be adopted during processing of dairy products to improve the bacteriological quality of such products. Moringa olifera 0.05% aqueous extract showed antibacterial effect against S. aureus by 56.7% and 83.3% reduction percentage in examined yogurt at day one and day three, respectively, but no effect against Pseudomonas. aeruginosa.

The goal of this research was to determine the impact of garlic oil and leek powder on serum lipid levels and on sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling pathway in a rat model of hyperlipidemia, to offer evidence supporting the use of diet as a means of preventing hyperlipidemia, and to further investigate the possible health advantages of these two H2S-donors. In this study, 80 males Wistar rats were divided into eight groups, for a period of 18 weeks, the rats were orally dosed with garlic oil and leek powder. Obesity indicators, serum lipid levels, some biochemical, molecular parameters and histopathology of liver tissues were determined. Compared to rats in the obese model groups, the garlic oil and leek powder reduced cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c) levels in the serum (P < 0.05). The garlic oil and leek powder also helped reduce hepatic steatosis and enhance lipid profiles. A reduction was found in the gene expression in the hepatic homogenate of Patched 1 (Ptch1), smoothened (SMO), glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI 1), Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4), and nuclear factor kappa kB (NF-kB). On the other hand, there was a significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of hedgehog-interacting protein (Hhip-1), and miRNA 26a which is also a dose- and time-dependent manner. The obtained findings suggested that both garlic oil and leek powder as H2S donor had anti-obesity capabilities that can mitigate the effects of an HFD.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of some farmed fish species marketed in Sharkia Governorate then compared with Egyptian standard of chilled fish. keeping quality parameters also examined (pH, TVN, TMA and TBA) and compared with Egyptian standard of chilled fish. A total of 150 samples of farmed fish of Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds 50 of each (25 Tilapia nilotica and 25 Mugil cephalus) respectively from the market in Sharkia governorate were examined during autumn 2021. For keeping quality parameters, all examined samples were within the acceptable limits according to ES (3494:2005). The obtained results of microbiological analysis revealed that the percentage of the exceeded permissible limits of aerobic plate count (APC) was 12% and 32%,20% and 16% ,12% and 20% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. For total coliform count, all positive examined samples exceed permissible limits of coliform count (2 log10 CFU/g) according to ES (3494:2005). The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was 0% and 11%, 36%, and 32%, 16% and 12% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. Listeria species were detected in 20% and 8% ,8% and 16% , 20% and 0%  for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages ,concrete ponds and Earthen ponds, respectively. Escherichia coli was 24% and 20% ,8% and 16%, 16% and 20% for Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus in Nile cages, concrete ponds and Earthen ponds respectively. Salmonella species were 4% and 12% for both from Nile cages and from concrete ponds and 4% and 12% in earthen pond Tilapia nilotica and Mugil cephalus respectively. Serological identification of E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria in these samples was showed in this search. So hygienic and proper practices performed during transportation and handling of fish are needed before consumption of this fish.