OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) on the viability of resident cells within the fibrocartilage on the dorsal surface of the deep digital flexor tendon (FC-DDFT) and fibrocartilage on the flexor surface of the navicular bone (FC-NB) of horses. SAMPLE 12 to 14 explants of FC-DDFT and of FC-NB from grossly normal forelimbs of 5 cadavers of horses aged 9 to 15 years without evidence of musculoskeletal disease. PROCEDURES Explants were incubated with culture medium (control) or TA-supplemented (0.6 or 6 mg/mL) or MPA-supplemented (0.5 or 5 mg/mL) medium for 6 or 24 hours. Explant metabolic activity and percentage of dead cells were assessed with a resazurin-based assay and live-dead cell staining, respectively, at each time point. Drug effects were assessed relative to findings for the respective control group. RESULTS Application of TA (at both concentrations) did not significantly change the cell viability of FC-DDFT explants. For FC-NB explants, TA at 6 mg/mL significantly reduced the metabolic activity and increased the percentage of dead cells at both time points. With either MPA concentration, FC-DDFT and FC-NB explants had reduced metabolic activity and an increased percentage of dead cells at 24 hours, whereas only MPA at 5 mg/mL was cytotoxic at the 6-hour time point. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In ex vivo explants, TA was less cytotoxic to equine FC-DDFT and FC-NB cells, compared with MPA. Further work is warranted to characterize the drugs' transcriptional and translational effects as well as investigate their cytotoxicity at lower concentrations.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a stainless steel implant sterilized with a novel cold atmospheric plasma sterilization (CAPS) device adversely affects local tissues in rabbits and whether CAPS was as effective as steam sterilization with an autoclave to inactivate Pasteurella multocida. ANIMALS 31 healthy New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Steam-autoclaved stainless steel implants inoculated with P multocida underwent a second steam autoclave sterilization (AIA) or CAPS (AICAPS). One AIA implant and 3 AICAPS implants were randomly placed subcutaneously at 4 sites in 21 rabbits (84 implants). These rabbits were monitored daily for 5 days for evidence of systemic illness and local tissue reactions at the implantation sites and then euthanized. Samples were taken from each implant site for bacterial culture and histologic examination. RESULTS Cultures of samples obtained from all sites were negative for bacterial growth. No significant difference was observed in mean skin thickness or erythema between AIA and AICAPS implant sites on any observed day. Also, individual histologic grades for the epidermis, dermis, subcutis, and muscle and total histologic grade were not significantly different between AIA and AICAPS implant sites. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cold atmospheric plasma sterilization was noninferior to steam sterilization of P multocida–contaminated stainless steel implants in the rabbits in the present study. However, studies of the efficacy of CAPS for inactivation of other important bacteria are needed.

OBJECTIVE To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of IV administration of fentanyl to cats anesthetized with isoflurane and during anesthetic recovery with concurrent administration of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES Cats received an IV bolus (5 μg/kg) followed by an IV infusion (5 μg/kg/h) of fentanyl for 120 minutes during isoflurane anesthesia and for 30 minutes after discontinuing isoflurane. Cats were randomly assigned in a crossover study to receive acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (2.5 μg/kg), IV, when isoflurane was discontinued. Cardiopulmonary data were obtained during anesthesia and for 30 minutes during the anesthetic recovery period. RESULTS The administration of fentanyl during isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a transient increase in arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and oxygen delivery. Compared with values during isoflurane anesthesia, administration of dexmedetomidine during anesthetic recovery resulted in significant decreases in cardiac index, stroke index, and oxygen delivery and significant increases in arterial, central venous, and mean pulmonary artery pressures; systemic vascular resistance index; and oxygen extraction ratio. Administration of acepromazine resulted in increases in heart rate, cardiac index, oxygen uptake, and oxygen extraction ratio. Oxygen extraction ratio did not differ between acepromazine and dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fentanyl transiently improved indices of cardiopulmonary performance when administered to healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane. The cardiovascular effects of acepromazine and dexmedetomidine in healthy cats receiving fentanyl during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia differed, but measured cardiopulmonary parameters remained within acceptable limits.

The effects of head position on internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) pressures in standing sedated horses were evaluated in this study. The common carotid artery (CCA) was catheterized in 6 horses using an ultrasound-guided technique to facilitate placement of a pressure transducer within the ICA and ECA at the level of the guttural pouch. Transducer position was confirmed by endoscopic visualization. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured with horses in both a head-up and head-down position. The dorsal metatarsal artery was catheterized as a control. Maintaining a head-up position decreased MAP in both the ICA (median: 75.21 mmHg) and ECA (median: 79.43 mmHg), relative to the head-down position (ICA median: 104.65 mmHg; ECA median: 102.26 mmHg). Mean arterial pressure in the dorsal metatarsal artery was not affected by head position. The head-up position resulted in lower arterial pressures in both the ICA and ECA (P = 0.03) compared with the head-down position in standing sedated horses.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of an excessive tibial plateau angle (TPA) and change in compressive load on tensile forces experienced by the cranial cruciate, medial collateral, and lateral collateral ligaments (CCL, MCL, and LCL, respectively) of canine stifle joints. SAMPLE 16 cadaveric stifle joints from 16 orthopedically normal Beagles. PROCEDURES Stifle joints were categorized into unchanged (mean TPA, 30.4°) and excessive (mean TPA before and after modification, 31.2° and 41.1°, respectively) TPA groups. The excessive TPA group underwent a TPA-increasing procedure (curvilinear osteotomy of the proximal aspect of the tibia) to achieve the desired TPA. A robotic system was used to apply a 30- and 60-N compressive load to specimens. The craniomedial band of the CCL, caudolateral band of the CCL, MCL, and LCL were sequentially transected; load application was repeated after each transection. Orthogonal force components were measured in situ. Forces on ligaments were calculated after repeated output force measurements as the contribution of each component was eliminated. RESULTS Increasing the compressive load increased tensile forces on the craniomedial and caudolateral bands of the CCL, but not on the MCL or LCL, in specimens of both groups. At the 60-N load, tensile force on the craniomedial band, but not other ligaments, was greater for the excessive TPA group than for the unchanged TPA group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that stress on the CCL may increase when the compressive load increases. The TPA-increasing procedure resulted in increased tensile force on the CCL at a 60-N compressive load without affecting forces on the MCL or LCL.

It was aimed to investigate the effects of ketamine combination administered with xylazine used for general anesthesia in dogs on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. Materials and Methods: In the study, a total of 20 dogs, 14 females and 6 males, from various breeds and ages 1 to 5, which undergone elective ovariohysterectomy or castration according to body weights. 1 mg/kg xylazine (xylazine hydrochloride, 23.3mg/ml, Xylazinbio 2% Bioveta®, Czechia) and 10 mg/kg ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride, 100 mg/ml, Ketasol 10% Richter® Pharma Ag, Austria) combination within a single injection with 21G needle were applied intramuscularly. The food and water access were ceased 12 hours before drug administration. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse measurements, and body temperatures were measured 3 times before and 5 times during anesthesia (at the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th and 120th minutes of anesthesia) by using the AM6100 veterinary bedside monitor. Muff was placed to cover 1/3 of the proximal leg and for the artery to be recognizable by the microprocessor. Pulse rates were measured with electrodes connected to the device. Body temperature was measured by a rectal thermometer which was a part of the device. Measurements were taken before anesthesia was considered as control measurements.In systolic blood pressure, the recordings at 0, 15th, 30th mins have been found as statistically significant in relation to 45th, 60th, and 120th (p<0.05). In diastolic blood pressure, there were no significant differences recorded. The change between the preintervention and post-application has been found significant (p<0.001). Body temperature has shown a meaningful change in comparison to the starting point after the readings (p<0.001).Eventually, decreases in blood pressure, heartbeat, and body temperature were observed for the dogs that have been anesthetized with the combination of xylazine-ketamine.

This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the distribution of the Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) and the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the duodenum tissue of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Eighteen female Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups as thecontrol, sham and diabetes groups. Routine histological and immunohistochemical methods were appliedon the duodenum tissues collected at the end of the study.Results: It was determined that the villus length measurements showed a statistically significant differencebetween the control and diabetes groups. There was NGF immunoreactivity which was moderate anddiffuse cytoplasmic in the villus intestinalis and muscularis layer in all groups, weak in the crypts andglands in the control and sham groups and moderate and diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. ATF6immunoreactivity was determined moderate in the villus intestinalis, crypts, glands and muscularis layerin the control and sham groups and strong diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. It wasdetermined that both NGF and ATF6 immunoreactivity increased in the duodenum tissue of the rats onwhich diabetes was induced experimentally.

This study; It was aimed to compare serum and rumen content, trace element and serum vitamin levels and rumen content in indigestion cattle with healthy animals. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 30 cattle, 10 healthy (control group) and 20 indigestion group. Indigestion diagnosis in animals was determined by anamnesis information, clinical and rumen content examination.Hematologically, there was no statistical difference between indigestion and control groups. Serum magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) levels of the measured trace elements decreased in the group with indigestion (p<0.05), while the levels of cobalt (Co) increased significantly (p<0.01). While there was a significant increase (p<0.5) in cattle with indigestion in rumen content Ca values compared to healthy cattle, serum levels were decreased (p<0.05). A positive correlation (p<0.01) was determined between rumen content levels of indigestion cattle and serum Mg levels of control group and rumen content of control group. In addition, a negative correlation was found between serum Ca and rumen content values of cattle with indigestion. In serum vitamin levels, Vitamin B1 (Vit B1) decreased statistically (p<0.05), while Vitamin B12 (Vit B12) was found to increase non-statistically (p>0.05).As a result, it was concluded that the decrease in serum Mg, Ca and Zn values in indigestion animals is important and these trace elements should be used in treatment.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farms increases the chance of antibiotic resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study was under taken to detect ESBL producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 60 cloacal swab samples (20 from commercial layer, 20 from commercial broiler and 20 from commercial sonali chickens) were collected from Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. The E. coli was isolated from these samples and identified based on cultural, staining, and biochemical characteristics. The disk diffusion method was used to assay the antibiotic resistant/sensitivity patterns of the isolated E. coli. Phenotypc detection of ESBL producing E. coli was also done.The prevalence of E. coli in chickens was 61.67% in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh, where the prevalence was 60%, 60%, and 65% in commercial layer, commercial broiler, and commercial sonali chickens, respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity assay of E. coli isolated from commercial layer chickens showed 100%, 80%, 50%, 40%, and 40% resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime, respectively. E. coli isolated from commercial broiler chickens showed 100%, 100%, 60%, 50%, and 40% resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. E. coli isolated from commercial sonali chickens showed 90%, 70%, 50%, 50%, and 40% resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime, respectively. In phenotypic detection, the overall prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli was 43.33%, where 40%, 50%, and 40% in the commercial layer, commercial broiler, and commercial sonali chickens, respectively in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh.These results indicated that chickens are a potential reservoir for ESBL producing E. coli and their antibiotic resistances are obviously significant. These findings will help us to make proper guideline for the treatment, prevention and control of E. coli prevalent in chickens in Bangladesh.