Minced meat is a popular meat product found mainly in most types of meat meals as a source of animal-origin food. So, it has high economic worth due to its nutritive value. Owing to the high moisture content and richness in nitrogenous composites, it is an ideal medium for bacterial growth and contamination. Synthetic preservatives are used for extending the shelf life and enhancing quality properties of meat, but consumers are only recently considering them because of worries about potential health risks. Thus, using safe natural preservatives becomes an urgent necessity. The objective of the current study aimed to determine whether cranberry essential oil (CBEO) could improve the sensory, chemical, and microbial properties of raw minced beef while also extending its shelf life.60 minced beef samples were divided into 0.0 (control), 0. 5, 1, and 1.5% CBEO treated groups. The control and treated samples were kept at 3±1ºC in the refrigerator for 12 days. Minced beef samples’ sensory, chemical, and microbial properties were evaluated every three days. The results showed that CBEO addition significantly delayed the proliferation of aerobic plate counts, psychotrophic, Staphylococcal and Enterobacteriaceae bacterial counts and extended the shelf-life of the minced beef up to 12 days compared to the control group that was completely putrefied at the 6th day of storage. This study suggested that CBEO could be used as a natural preservative for chilled minced meat.

Due to their great nutritional value, distinct scent and taste, and lower price in contrast to other usual sources of protein, game birds' meat products are in higher demand. Toxic metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) are still present in these items, but there is a glaring lack of information on their presence. Therefore, this analysis was done to determine the residual level of lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic were still present in three different types of game bird’s meat, including pigeons, quails and sparrows. According to the study’s findings, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were detected at variable concentrations in the tested samples. Residual concentrations of the tested metals in several samples are over the suggested maximum permissible limits (MPL). However, Cd was low in all samples and did not exceed MPL. Furthermore, the HQ ranged from 0.04 to 0.22 for cadmium, 1.16 to 1.34 for arsenic, 0.06 to 0.07 for lead and 0.05 to 0.35 for mercury. Although HQs of studied heavy metals except for arsenic did not exceed 1, it supposedly demonstrates that eating the meat of game birds does not pose a significant health risk to people for ingesting the particular metals.

Microbial biofilm is one of the most serious problems facing poultry farms all over the world and especially in Egypt. Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus were the highest implicated bacteria in biofilm formation in poultry farms. Consequently, 440 samples were collected from 8- broiler and 8-layer farms at El- Sharkia Province, Egypt, during the period from (July 2021till August 2022). The objective of the study was to evaluate biofilm development capacity of the tested bacterial species by the microtiter plate (MTP) assay. Also, the efficacy of five disinfectants commonly used in poultry farms (Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, Virkon S, glutaraldehyde and copper sulphate) with different concentrations (1, 2 and 5%) and different contact times (10, 60 and 120 m) on reducing the biofilms produced by S. Enteritidis, E. coli O78 and S. aureus was estimated. Results showed that out of 440 collected samples, 17 (3.8%), 200(45.5%) and 66 (15%) strains were identified as Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. 88.2%, 92% and 87.8% of the isolates of Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus were biofilm producers. The most effective disinfectant was sodium hypochlorite which eliminated the biofilms of S. Enteritidis and E. coliO78 when used at concentration 5% for 120m while 5% for 60 m against S. aureus biofilm. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide showed great efficiency and complete removal of biofilm of S. Enteritidis when used at concentration 2% for 120m and 5%f or 120 m against S. aureus biofilm, meanwhile removed 91% of E. coli O78 biofilm when used at concentration of 5% for 120 m. However, Copper Sulphate was insufficient disinfectant to be used against the biofilms. It can be concluded that the anti-biofilm efficiency of the disinfectants increases with the increase concentration and contact time with biofilms especially when using oxidizing disinfectants (hypochlorite and peroxides).

The current study was conducted to determine to what extent human platelet lysate (HPL) can be used to enhance the growth of three cell lines used for propagation of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV) and Rabies virus (RV) for vaccine production. HPL; Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) and Newborn Calf Serum (NBCS) were used as supplements to the used cell culture medium (Minimum Essential Medium “MEM”) for passaging of three cell lines including baby hamster kidney (BHK-21); African green monkey kidney (VERO) and Madin Derby canine kidney (MDCK). Through three successive cell culture passages; for each cell line; it was found that HPL supported growth and propagation of BHK-21, VERO and  MDCK cell lines without altering their morphologic and functional characteristics. It has been accepted as a suitable alternative to FBS and NBCS, and it can be used in vaccinal production.

This study was undertaken to screen for some biomarkers of toxicity in the liver of Nile tilapia fish during subacute Diazinon toxicity (0.28 mgL-1 for 25 days) by using Targeted metabolomics analyses and quantitatively measure 17 amino acids, and also to monitor antioxidant status of liver (glutathione, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde). There were significant increases in branched chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine (p>0.01, p>0.05and p>0.01) respectively. There was a significant increase in phenylalanine (an aromatic amino acid) P>0.05, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde P>0.001), and significant decreases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-px) with p values (P>0.01, P>0.01, and P> 0.001) respectively. Histopathological examination showed diffuse hepatocellular necrosis with multifocal granuloma and massive hepatocellular vacuolation with congested sinusoids. It can be concluded that subacute toxicity of DZN in Nile tilapia is involved in proliferation and growth of tumor cells and negatively affects the antioxidant status of the liver.

Vaccination against Equine influenza virus (EIV) is necessary to minimize and prevent spreading of the disease. There are many types of natural and synthetic adjuvants which can improve the efficacy of animal vaccines, such as aluminum compounds, emulsions, saponins, and carbomer. The current study was carried out to compare inactivated Equine influenza vaccines containing carbomer as an adjuvant in concentrations of 0.25% and 0.50% (formula 2&3) with an inactivated vaccine containing a combination of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin as a conventional adjuvant (formula 1). The potency of the different vaccine formulations was tested in groups of guinea pigs. The mean HI- antibodies titer 3 weeks post inoculation of group (A) with formula-1, group (B) with formula-2 and group (C) with formula-3 were 9.2 log2, 10.4 log2 and 10.6 log2. All formulae were potent with higher HI antibodies in group B compared to group A. Groups B and C had nearly the same results. Stability testing of the prepared vaccines (formula 1&2) proved that both formulae were potent and stable at 40C for two years. Seroconversion of the prepared vaccines (formula 1&2) in horses revealed that EI vaccine adjuvanted with carbomer induced higher HI-antibodies titer as well as longer lasting immune response in horses than those induced by combination of aluminum hydroxide gel & saponin.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Carbone tetrachloride (CCl4) on inducing liver cancer beside the effect of Cisplatin and Annona muricata on the treatment of liver cancer in rats and to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Annona muricata leaf. A total of 56 healthy male-albino rats (3-4 months old), weighing between 180-200 g 9Average body weight) were divided into two main groups. Group (1) contained 14 healthy rats left without any treatment (Negative control), then 42 healthy rats received IP injection with CCl4 at dose of 1 ml/ kg/ twice every week for 8 weeks to develop Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), after the onset of liver cancer, rats were separated into three equal groups (14 in each) as follow: Group (2) included 14 rats suffered from liver cancer and left without any treatment (Positive control). Group (3) involved 14 rats suffered from liver cancer and received IP injection of Cisplatin at dose of 6 mg/kg/week for 4 weeks. Group (4) included 14 rats that had liver and received Annona muricata orally at dose of 300 mg/kg every day for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment blood samples were taken from all rats in all groups to preserve the serum for estimation of serum liver enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB). Liver tissue was collected for gene expression determination of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels, and Immunohistochemistry studies carried out to measure Silver-stained Nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In the current work, it has been found that; rats with HCC showed significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, Nrf2, BCL2, TGF-β, NFκB, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels in comparison with negative control rats. Rats with HCC treated with Cisplatin displayed non-significant decrease in serum AST, ALT, ALP and Nrf2 beside significant decrease in BCL2, TGF-β, NFκB, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in comparison with positive control rats. Rats with HCC treated with Annona muricata displayed significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP, Nrf2, BCL2, TGF-β, NFκB, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in comparison with positive control rats. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained rat liver of negative control group showing negative expression for AgNORs beside negative expression for α-SMA. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained liver of rats with HCC showed positive severe expression for AgNORs beside moderate to severe positive expression for α-SMA. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained liver of rats with HCC treated with Cisplatin showed positive mild to moderate expression neither for AgNORs beside mild to moderate positive expression for α-SMA. Photomicrograph of peroxidase stained liver of rats with HCC treated with Annona muricata showed positive mild expression for AgNORs beside negative to mild positive expression for α-SMA. In conclusion, the present study indicates that Annona muricata gives significant improvements in treatment of Albino rats with liver cancer, due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects beside improvements of hepatorenal cellular carcinoma.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of the leading causes of food-intoxication and on the other hand E. coli and particularly, Shiga toxin (ST) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as important food-borne enteropathogens frequently associating serious to fatal disorders in humans and both species have shown to be resistant to a wide spectrum of antibiotics. The current study was performed to determine the prevalence of two common food-borne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in white soft cheese being one of the most popular dairy products in Egypt. A total 150 samples of soft cheese were purchased from the market and were microbiologically tested. The S. aureus isolates were identified according to recommended biochemical tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the nuc gene; as a species-specific marker gene for S. aureus. Meanwhile, E. coli isolates were identified based on biochemical tests, serological tests, haemolytic activity and multiplex PCR has been done to assess capability of producing STs based on targeting stx1 and stx2 genes.  Result revealed that S. aureus and E. coli were observed in 66.66% and 36% of samples, respectively. The antimicrobial resistance of isolates was phenotypically-investigated against eleven different antibiotics and results showed the presence of a variable multidrug-resistance among isolates against selected antibiotics. These findings highlighted the importance of periodical screening of food-borne pathogens in artisanal products due to lack of strict hygienic measures in markets; the reason that facilitate the contamination of such artisanal products by several food-borne pathogens.

Bacillus cereus is a Gram positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium characterized by large rod- shaped cells and an ability to form heat-resistant endospores. Because this bacterium is so widely distributed throughout nature and is frequently found in soil, it is naturally present in a wide variety of food products of both animal and plant origin. The presence of B. cereus and its virulence factors   in dairy products may result in food poisoning and other illnesses. B. cereus causes two types of intestinal illness: emetic (vomiting) and diarrheal. Furthermore, the bacterium causes a variety of systemic and local infections in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent persons. Different toxins and pathogenic factors like nonhemolytic enterotoxin Nhe, hemolytic enterotoxin Hbl, enterotoxin FM and cytotoxin K are accountable for diarrheal syndrome, meanwhile the depsipeptide cereulide toxin causes emetic syndrome. Because of its genetic similarity to Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis, the ability to detect this pathogen in food is frequently difficult. We reviewed characters, virulent attributes, toxins profiles of this particular bacterium. Current control methods are limited so future control strategies must be developed.

Peste des Petits ruminants' virus (PPRV) is a notifiable transboundary and economically significant viral disease that affects goats and sheep. The current study was conducted to identify the seroprevalences of PPRV in goat farm in Marsa-Matroh province, Egypt during an outbreak in 2022. Moreover, this work aims to study the relevant risk factors directly related to the virus infection and attempt molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the circulating strain. The samples included 356 sera, 154 nasal swabs, and 10 tissue samples were collected for PPRV screening and molecular characterization. The seroprevalence percent was found of 42.69%.  It was observed that the prevalence rate, and case-fatality rate were higher under 6 months of age than in adults, and referring to sex, females had a more significant disease incidence than males. Based on phylogenetic analysis; the strains of the current study: PPR/AHRI-Matrouh1/Egy/2022 (accession number: OP881991) and PPR/AHRI-Matrouh2/Egy/2022 (accession number: OP881992) were identified as PPRV lineage IV, with 99.2% and 98.8% identity to the Ethiopian strain (Accession number MK571524) and Sudanese strain (Accession no HQ131931) respectively. An efficient PPR vaccination program with rigorous quarantine measures at the borders is advised to be implemented in the country to control the spread of the disease and avoid the entry of novel strains into the Egyptian governorates.