Studies were conducted to determine the utility of lysate antigens for rapid evaluation of the local entero-3 vaccine, antigens were prepared from cell cultures infected with bovine rota virus (BRV) and bovine corona virus (BCV) as well as from Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain K99. Prepared antigens were tested with field serum samples collected from both late pregnant entero-3 vaccinated cows and their offsprings using different serological assays including: microagglutination test, indirect ELISA and immunofluorescent antibody technique. Results of this endeavor were correlated to that of the standard virus neutralization test. The locally prepared antigens were proved useful for vaccine evaluation. Moreover, these antigens are recommended for both detection and assessment post vaccination or post infection of sero-conversion against BRV, BCV and E. coli.

A conclusive study was conducted for preparation and evaluation of combined inactivated entero-4 vaccine containing bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), E. coli K99 and toxoid of C. perfringens type "C". Laboratory and field evaluations were conducted on laboratory animals, calves and late pregnant cows with monitoring the active and passive antibodies in vaccinated cows and their offspring respectively. Laboratory evaluation proved purity, safety and high efficacy of the vaccine without interference between different vaccine ingredients. Field evaluation gave satisfactory results when pregnant cows vaccinated at late stage of pregnancy with high neutralizing antibody titers against BRV, BCV and C. perfringens as well as high E. coli agglutinating titers. Maternal immunity passively protected offspring during the critical period of age and remained protected till the end of sampling time (30th day post parturition).

Beef longissimus dorsi steaks were treated with 10, 25, and 50-kGy gamma irradiation and weekly examined during refrigeration storage at 5ºC to evaluate the changes in their organoleptic, bacteriological, chemical and nutritional quality characteristics as well as deterioration criteria. The signs of spoilage became apparent after 17 days of refrigeration storage in control untreated samples compared with 52 days for 10 kGy treated samples; however, samples treated with 25 or 50 kGy remained without signs of spoilage until the end of storage period (4 months). A characteristic burnt flavor was distinguished in irradiated beef samples, which was intensified with high irradiation dose, but decreased during storage. High doses of irradiation especially 50 kGy resulted in a brownish color of meat surface. Moreover, gamma irradiation resulted in high thiobarbituric acid values after treatments and during storage due to lipid oxidation. Thiamin content of beef was severely reduced and the reduction was dependant on the irradiation dose. Riboflavin was also affected by irradiation, but it was much stable than thiamin. The proximate chemical composition of beef was slightly affected by irradiation.

In this study a total of 14 infected sheep and 6 lactating albino goats were used. These animals were proved to be brucellosis seropositive using TAT, MET, BAPAT, RBPT and rivanol test as well as bacteriologically positive by isolation of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 from their milk. These animals were subjected to trials of treatment using three different methods. Goats treated by antibiotics combined with BCG showed the highest recovery rate (on bacteriological basis), followed by animals treated with antibiotics only and finally animals treated with antibiotics combined ID. The recovered treated animals were placed under careful investigation for 2 years with no evidence of Brucella infection neither in them nor in their newborns.

Thirty samples of freshly slaughtered broiler frame with skin were obtained from small scale poultry processing plant in Cairo and Giza markets. Samples of neck and breast skin were examined for Total colony count, Psychrotrophic count, Staphylococcus aureus count, Coliform Count, presumptive E. coli count and total yeast and mould count. In addition isolation of Salmonella spp. and thermotolerant Campylobater were performed. Lower bacterial counts were recorded in cooked samples, with mean value of 7.6 ± 0.18, 5.68 ± 0.16, 5.12 ± 0.14, 3.6 ± 0.3, 2.3 ± 0.39 and 6.85 ± 0.37 log10 cfu /g in raw samples and 0.91 ± 0.27, 0.74 ± 0.21, 0.56 ± 0.19, 1.1 ± 0.13, < 3 and 2.44 ± 0.12 log10 cfu/g in cooked samples respectively. The incidence of S. aureus, Salmonella and Campylobater jejuni in raw skin samples were 66.7%, 20%, and 56.6%, respectively. While S. aureus was unexpectedly isolated from cooked samples. Fat content was estimated by using Sohexelt method and fatty acids content of methylester were determined.

Survival of the neonate relies on the integrated expression of appropriate behaviours from both mother and young. In this study, the effect of birth difficulty on maternal and lamb behaviours and its influence on lamb survival was investigated in crossbred primiparous ewes (½ Finnish x ½ Rahmani). Assisted ewes spent significantly (P<0.05) less time licking (30.83±1.39 min/2 h) and nosing (24.25±1.79 time/2 hr) their lambs than unassisted mothers (38.52±2.96 min, 28.80±1.68 time/2 h) respectively. They were found to be more aggressive towards their lambs when attempt to suck (9.80±0.37, 12.90±0.84 and 10.50±0.50 time/2 h) when compared with unassisted one (8.00±0.40, 10.20±1.52 and 7.66±0.88 time/2h) respectively. Lamb behavioural development were found to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by birth difficulty with lambs that require assistance at birth even if they survive the birth process, they were slower to progress through the sequence of neonatal behaviours. These lambs were therefore at greater risk of not surviving to weaning (28.57% vs. 11.42). It could be concluded that ease ofdelivery was an important factor determining the subsequent behaviour of the lamb and ewe and hence lamb survival, thus manipulation of husbandry and breeding system to improve delivery will improve lamb survival

The present study was designed to investigate trypanosomiasis among one of native freshwater fish breed in Egypt namely catfish (Clarias gariepenus). Fifty fish were collected during summer season from the river Nile at Giza markets. The fish were examined for the presence of trypanosoma in the blood. Trypanosoma were detected in 10 (20%) of the collected fish. The main clinical signs of infected fish with trypanosoma were emaciation, dullness, respiratory distress, loss of escape reflex, mild ascitis and paleness of the gills. Post-mortem examination of infected fish revealed paleness of the internal organs (liver and kidneys) and slight congestion of spleen. Haematological examination of infected fish revealed significant decrease in erythrocytic count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume but significant increase in total leucocytic count accompanied with neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Serum biochemical analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in urea, total protein and albumin while a significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, glucose and 1- globulin were recorded. Microscopic examination of organ histopathological sections revealed cloudy swelling of hepatocytes with activation of kupffer cells, depletion of lymphocytes with thickening of tile trabeculae in spleen. While in kidney, necrobiotic changes of epithelial lining of renal tubules with vacuolation of glomeruli as well as hemorrhages were recorded.

The Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was studied in buffalo calves following single intravenous and intramuscular administration of 20 mg kg-1 b.wt. Florfenicol concentration in both serum and urine were determined by microbiological assay using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as test organism. After intravenous injection the serum florfenicol concentration time course obeys two-compartment open model with distribution (t0.5 ()) and elimination (t0.5 ()) half lives of 0.381 ± 0.004 and 2.89 + 0.263 h., respectively. Total body clearance (CLB) and steady state volume of distribution (Vdss) were 3.6 ± 0.30 ml kg-1 min-1 and 1.70 ± 0.010 l kg-1., respectively. After intramuscular administration the observed mean peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 2.32 ± 0.052 3g ml-1 achieved after maximum time (Tmax) of one hour postinjection. The systemic bioavailability after intramuscular administration was 27.43 % and the plasma protein binding was 13.5 %.

Two hundred, five-week old chickens were divided into six equal groups (30 chicks/group) and vaccinated with different live NDV vaccines in Nigella sativa oil. The vaccinated birds were bled at one-week interval post-vaccination over six weeks and the collected sera were tested by the HI test. Half of each group was challenged 21-days post-vaccination by intramuscular route of inoculation with 2X105EID50 of the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV). Birds were observed for 15 days post-challenge for any clinical signs of Newcastle disease. Deaths within this period were subjected to post mortem examination. The remaining birds in each group were observed after challenge till 42-days post-vaccination.

Seventy-five rats were used to determine the toxic effects of difenoconazole (D) fungicide on haematological, some biochemical parameters and thyroid hormones in adult albino rats of both sexes, as well as possible inhibition of adverse effects by using vitamin E and/or vitamin C as antioxidant drugs. Rats were classified into five groups each of 15 rats. Group (1) served without treatment as negative control, group (2) treated with 1/10 of the LD50 of D (140.3 mg/kg B.wt.), in alternative days for 30 days and cessation of D for further 15 days as a withdrawal period, group (3) treated with vit. E (24 mg/ kg B.wt.) combined with the same dose of D, intubation every other day, group (4) administered vit. C (200 mg/ kg B.wt.) daily per os combined with the same dose of D in alternative days, group (5) taken vit. E, vit. C and D. Vitamins were given daily from the beginning of experiment till the end and at withdrawal period. Samples were collected at 15 and 30 days during D exposure and at the end of withdrawal period. Using analysis of variance, R.B.Cs. count, PCV % and Hb content significantly decreased than negative controls allover the experimental period in D- treated groups, however vit. C alone or combined with vit. E produced gradual improvement in haematological parameters. Marked elevation in W.B.Cs. count and lymphocytes, accompanied by neutropenia were observed in all groups compared to negative controls allover the experiment period. Total protein, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly reduced in all D-administered groups compared to negative controls. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein showed higher levels in all D-treated groups in comparison to negative controls, meanwhile, administration of vit. E and/or vit. C produces gradual improvement in these parameters. Thyroid hormonal analysis indicated significant decrease in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in all D- treated groups, whereas their levels returned to normal in groups given vit. C alone or combined with vit. E at the withdrawal period. In conclusion, these results indicated that D fungicide exposure caused overt disorders in haematological and biochemical parameters as well as thyroid function. These effects could be ameliorated by using vit. E and vit. C as antioxidant drugs. Vit. E and vit. C when combined together produce best results in all tested parameters, however vit. C alone has rapid response than vit. E especially in haematological picture and thyroid function.