Goats are highly susceptible to endoparasitic infections due to free grazing habits. The present study was reported for concurrent infection ofMoniezia expansa and Haemonchus contortus in two goats from a flock of 40 goats in Orathanadu, Thanjavur. History included anorexia, foetid diarrhoea and jowl edema in goats. On clinical examination, pyrexia, pale conjunctival mucous membrane, pasty diarrhoeic faeces, bottle jaw and abdominal thudding were noticed. Coproscopy revealed Moniezia expansa eggs and strongyle eggs and faecal culture revealed Haemonchus contortus larvae. Uneventful recovery was noticed in goats after treating with praziquantel and fenbendazole for 3 days with supportive therapy.

A Dalmatian dog -was brought to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar with a complaint of erythematous lesions, alopecia and intense itching and had been treated for a long time. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed based on the history and the exclusion of other infectious agents as potential causes of the dermatitis. The dog was treated with oclacitinib, antibacterial, fatty acids and antihistaminic medications and showed remarkable improvement after therapy.

A one and half year, female, non descriptive dog was presented to Veterinary College Hospital, Hassan with the history of incoordination, drowsiness and vomiting after accidental oral administration ofAmitraz liquid (RIDD®) by the owner. On physical examination animal was dull and depressed. Sedation (drowsiness) and hypothermia was noticed with the rectal temperature of 98.8°E Hemato-biochemical findings were within the normal range. Based on history and clinical signs, the case was diagnosed as amitrazpoisoning and animal was treated with Yohimbine Hydrochloride at the rate of 0.2 mg per Kg body weight intramuscularly and activated charcoal per orally, along with the supportive therapy. Animal was completely recovered after 5 days of treatment.

A disease outbreak in lambs occurred in an organized sheep farm located in Siddarampuram village, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, during the winter season (November 2022 to February 2023). Out of a total of 68 lambs born, 12 lambs (17.64%) succumbed within a week, exhibiting clinical manifestations including sudden death, nasal discharges, frothy mouth discharges, fever, shivering, inability to walk, weakness, prostration, and respiratory distress. Gross and post-mortem examinations revealed the lungs as the major affected organs, displaying vascular changes and severe pneumonic alterations with pus discharge, indicative of a septicemic nature of the disease. Escherichia coli was isolated from the collected pus and tissues during the post-mortem examination. The study postulates that a sudden environmental change, coupled with cold stress, frost, and poor ventilation, likely exposed the lambs to E. coli septicemia, predominantly affecting the respiratory system. To address the mortality, amikacin was administered following antibiotic sensitivity tests. This approach successfully checked the spread of the disease. The findings highlighted the significance of environmental factors in disease outbreaks and emphasize the importance of targeted antibiotic treatments for effective control of an outbreak.

Diarrhoea is one of the most common clinical conditions seen in dogs caused by a variety of different etiological agents. Among common causative agents, Canine Parvovirus remains the most common cause of hemorrhagic diarrhea along with vomiting and is often accompanied by high mortality among susceptible dogs. Due to emerging strains, detection of CPV has become more challenging. Thus, a combination of molecular and immunological techniques offers a higher probability of correctly diagnosing the disease. With this objective, the study was done to detect different antigenic variants of CPV in dogs of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 238 clinical samples from affected dogs like feacal samples, urine samples and necropsied tissue samples were collected from different parts of Himachal Pradesh and processed in the laboratory. For molecular detection, the DNA of all the 238 samples were initially extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using primer pairs CPV-2, CPV-2ab, CPV-2b and CPV-2c targeting the VP2 gene. For immunological detection, all the samples were initially screened for HA activity using 1% washed pig erythrocytes. Samples showing positive HA activity were then serologically tested by HI and Dot ELISA using hyper- immune sera raised in rabbits.  A total of 109 samples out of 238 (45.8 %) were found positive for CPV in PCR assay. No sample was found positive for the original CPV-2 strain, CPV-2a and CPV-2c strains out of variant. In HA test, 89 out of 238 (37.39 %) samples showed positive HA titres ranging from 1:2 to 1:2048. that were then confirmed using HI test with similar results. However, 91 out of 238 (38.23 %)samples showed positive results in Dot ELISA with formation of distinct brown-coloured spots on nitrocellulose membrane.

The aim of the study was to develop herbal yoghurt by incorporating tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract at 1 and 1.5 per cent level. The developed herbal yoghurt samples were analysed for physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality by standard methods. The incorporation of tulsi extract improved the antioxidant activity of yoghurt significantly.  The antioxidant activity of control and tulsi incorporated yoghurt (1 and 1.5 per cent) were 28.12±2.16, 41.82±1.51 and 53.1±1.51 per cent respectively. A decline in antioxidant activity was observed in all yoghurt samples after the third day of storage. No significant difference in fat and total solids content was observed in yoghurt samples incorporated with tulsi extract. The sensory scores of yoghurt incorporated with one per cent tulsi extract was significantly higher than that of control.  The study revealed that tulsi extract can be incorporated in to yoghurt to enhance the antioxidant activity without compromising the sensory quality.

This study aimed to cultivate PK-15 cells under serum-deprived conditions and subsequently adapt a field-isolated PCV2b genotype in these adapted cells to investigate both cellular and viral changes. PK-15 cells were grown in three different serum-supplemented media: 0%, 2%, and 10%. The cells adapted to these varying serum conditions were then infected with genotyped field PCV2b and propagated for up to three blind passages. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of PK-15 cells grown in 0% and 2% serum-supplemented media, with and without PCV2b infection, revealed cytoplasmic granularity compared to cells grown in 10% serum. MTT assay results indicated that PCV2b infection had minimal impact on cell viability, suggesting efficient viral propagation in serum-deprived conditions with minimal cytopathic effects. PCR analysis of cell lysates from all three 0%, 2%, and 10% serum conditions confirmed the presence of the PCV2b genome, demonstrating its adaptability grown to PK-15 cells under serum-deprived conditions. Molecular analysis of the major epidemiological marker gene, ORF2, from PCV2b grown in both 0% and 10% serum conditions showed identical nucleotide (702 bp) and amino acid (234 aa) compositions. This study highlights the feasibility of growing PK-15 cells under serum-deprived conditions and the adaptability of PCV2b in these cells. 

A study was conducted to assess the incidence of endoparasitism and evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs administered to captive lions housed at Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Vandalur, Tamil Nadu. A total of 10 scat samples were collected from captive lions during June-August, 2024. All the samples were examined by standard qualitative methods (direct smear, centrifugal sedimentation and floatation methods) followed by quantitative method (McMaster technique) to determine egg per gram. All the samples (n=10) showed 100% incidence of Toxascaris leonina. Efficacy of two anthelmintic drugs were evaluated by using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The efficacy of ivermectin was recorded only 10.21% and found to be resistant. Fenbendazole demonstrated 100% efficacy, indicating susceptibility of the parasite to this drug.

A nine year old male Golden retriever was presented to the Small Animal Dermatology outpatient unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a history of symmetrical alopecia, enlarged pendulous prepuce and haematuria. Detailed clinical examination revealed cryptorchid, gynecomastia, pendulous preputial sheath and alopecia originating in the lumbar region. The entire coat was dull, dry and epilated easily. Resting telogen  phase was also observed in trichogram. Trans abdominal palpation showed an enlarged solid mass in the right inguinal region. Radiography and abdominal ultrasonography revealed the presence of neoplastic retained right testicle. Haematology revealed leucocytosis, while serum biochemistry remained within the normal reference range. Histological examination confirmed the presence of sertoli cell tumors that were primarily responsible for the feminizing syndrome. Under general anaesthesia, caudal ceilotomy was done and retained testicles were identified. Testicular tumor with torsion was ligated with PGA 1-0 and excised, similarly the other normal testicle was also removed. Broad spectrum antibiotics and supportive therapy were also administered for 5 days. Complete remission of all clinical symptoms occurred within 3 months post orchiectomy.  

Free-range peafowls are commonly affected with mixed parasitic infections, which need to be diagnosed and treated for maintaining the eco-biological balance. The present paper investigated the ecto and endo parasitic infections in peafowls (Pavo cristatus) from various parts of Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu. Twelve peafowls of different age and sex were brought with different clinical signs during 2022-24. Faecal samples revealed the presence of eggs of helminths Ascaridia sp., Capillaria sp., Hymenolepis sp., gravid segments of Raillietina cesticillus and protozoal infection with Eimeria pavonina and E.mayurai. The ectoparasites from various body surface were identified as Colphocephalum tausi, Goniodespavonis, Menacanthus sp., Menopon sp., lice and adult and nymphal stages of Haemaphysalis sp., tick.