Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of varying glucose and trehalose concentrations on tris-citric acid-egg yolk-fructose (TCEF) diluents for the short-term cold storage of goat semen. Materials and Methods: The semen sample was collected, unwashed, and divided into the following groups: control (TCEF without glucose and trehalose), TCEF + glucose (75, 150 mm), and TCEF + trehalose (75, 150 mm). Each experimental sperm group (sperm concentration: 9×107/ ml) was kept at 4°C in a refrigerator. The impact of varying glucose and trehalose levels on the quality of the spermatozoa was assessed at different time points: after dilution and at 5, 24, 48, and 72 h of refrigeration. Results: After dilution, progressive motility (PM), total motility (TM), sperm viability (SV), functional integrity (FI), and acrosome integrity of G-75, G-150, T-75, and T-150 did not differ significantly from the control. The PM, TM, SV, FI, and acrosome integrity of sperm of T-150 were considerably lower than the control, G-75, G-150, and T-75 after 5 and 24 h of cool storage. The T-75 group showed superior PM, TM, and FI after 48 h of cool storage, with noticeably greater values than the other groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that trehalose is a more favorable sugar than glucose for 48 h cool storage of buck semen, providing greater advantages in PM, TM, and PMI. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 287-296]

Objective: Investigation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in respiratory-diseased pet cats, estimation of antibiotic sensitivity, and molecular phylogeny of local K. pneumoniae to identify its identity to global isolates. Methods: Totally, 127 feline cases with various respiratory signs were selected for the collection of the nasal swabs that were cultured to isolate K. pneumoniae and detect the antibiotic sensitivity. Further molecular phylogeny of positive K. pneumoniae isolates was done. Results: Findings of culture media and biochemical tests showed that 26.77% of nasal swabs were positive samples for K. pneumoniae. The screening for the antibiotic susceptibility reported a higher sensitivity to ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and meropenem, as well as ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline, imipenem, as well as clotrimazole and tetracycline. In contrast, the more significant resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were detected to clarithromycin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, cefixime, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, cephalexin, cefadroxil, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid, whereas, significant semi-sensitivity was shown to tylosin. Molecular testing by polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that all isolates were K. pneumoniae. The genetics-based analysis of local K. pneumoniae isolates recorded an overall similarity (95.47%–100%) and changes/mutations (0.0004%–0.0084%), in particular to the National Center for Biotechnology Information-Iraqi isolate (Lc732203.1). Conclusion: This study indicates the high prevalence of K. pneumoniae in respiratory-diseased cats with significant appearance of antibiotic resistance in study isolates. Sequencing data referred to the close related association of study isolates to human K. pneumoniae isolates, suggesting the increased prevalence of nosocomial infections in veterinary medicine. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 621-628]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the plasma membrane for human and other domestic animal spermatozoa by the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on spermatozoa of three species, including pigs, rabbits, and goats. Three experiments were conducted on three animal species (pigs, rabbits, and goats) to investigate the factors affecting sperm membranes: osmotic concentration (0, 50, 100, and 150 mOsmol) and treatment time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min) at 37°C. Results: The results showed that treatment time and osmotic concentration influenced the integrity of the sperm membrane in the hypo-osmotic solution. In general, the experiments showed a high rate of sperm reacting to HOST at 50 and 100 mOsmol for 30–45 min. According to this study, the hypo-osmotic solution resulted in a high rate of sperm with swollen tails and a high rate of viable sperm, indicating a correlation between these factors. Therefore, it is necessary to combine both conditions to assess sperm quality. Specifically, the positive rates for the HOST reaction in pig, rabbit, and goat sperm are 46.74%, 58.28%, and 61.95%, respectively. Conclusion: To sum up, the hypo-osmotic solution with a concentration of 100 mOsmol and an incubation time of 45 min is considered the optimal and most feasible condition that can be used for all three species: pigs, rabbits, and goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 477-486]

Objective: The study was conducted to assess the seasonal and geographical distributions, proximate compositions, and secondary metabolites of some of the commercially important seaweed species in the southeast coasts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A temporalsurvey was conducted to know the seasonal and monthly distribution of seaweeds in different areas of the southeast coasts in Bangladesh. The representative samples were collected for proximate analysis and phytochemical screening by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results showed that Saint Martin's Island was the hotspot for the seaweeds in Bangladesh butsporadically distributed in the different areas of Cox‘s Bazar district. Enteromorpha intestinalis and Hypnea musciformis were found from October to April, while the rest of the seaweed species were mostly observed during the winter season. The highest crude protein with the lowest crude fiber wasfound in Gracilaria tenuistipitata, but the highest ash content wasrecorded in E. intestinalis. However, the highest level of tannin and saponin was found in Asparagopsis taxiformis, whereas the lowest was in Sargassum flavicans. Conclusion: The occurrences and distributions of seaweeds vary depending on the species in the southeast coastal areas of Bangladesh, where Saint Martin's Island is the largest reservoir. Most of the marine seaweeds found in the coastal areas of Bangladesh are rich in nutritive and bioactive compounds, which can be used as an alternative source of animal feed/feed additives for climate-smart livestock production. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 549-557]

Objective: This study examined the impacts of feeding zinc and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their combinations (ZnNPs and SeNPs and ZnNPs + SeNPs) on growth efficiency, the carcass, blood indicators, and meat criteria traits in chickens during 38 days. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty (Cobb 500) 7-day-old chicks were divided in entirely random form into 4 groups, each group divided into 6 replicates of 10 chicks. Dietary supplements were given in accordance with a corn-soybean diet in the following 4 test treatments: 0.0 (T0), 1.5 mg/kg SeNPs (T1), 2.0 mg/kg ZnNPs (T2), and 1.5 mg/kg SeNPs + 2.0 mg/kg ZnNPs (T3). Water and feed were provided at all times during the 38-day period. Results: The findings concluded that the mixing of SeNPs, ZnNPs, or their combination as feed addition improved rates of growth, as illustrated by higher "body weight" and reduced "feed intake and feed conversion ratio." The results indicated that there were no appreciable variations (p ≤ 0.05) in carcass measurements between the treatments. Additionally, hematological markers showed significant improvements, with decreased amounts of "uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein," while high-density lipoprotein values increased in chicks feeding ZnNPs or SeNPs compared to the control group in eating. Additionally, T3 levels were lowered and T4 levels were raised when SeNPs, ZnNPs, or a mixture of the two were given. Additionally, these treatments affected immunological responses, leading to increased immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) levels. By increasing moisture quantity while maintaining carcass texture, aroma, tenderness, juiciness, and acceptability scores, these supplements also had an impact on meat quality. Conclusion: The addition of SeNPs and ZnNPs to the chicken diet enhanced immune system function, growth, and blood criteria. This raises the possibility of a substitute for popular growth boosters and organic immune modulators. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 539-548]

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the anti-methanogenic potential of Moringa oleifera L. phytogenic extracts through in silico inhibition of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) receptor. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals from M. oleifera were screened and compared with anti-methanogenic compounds such as 3-nitrooxypropanol and native MCR enzyme ligands (coenzyme M and coenzyme B). Molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDock Vina on PyRx 0.8, and interactions were visualized with Discovery Studio 2024. Results: Selected phytochemicals, including pterygospermin, exhibited promising drug-likeness based on Lipinski's rule of five and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology properties. Pterygospermin demonstrated the highest binding affinity to the MCR enzyme's active site, with interactions including Pi-sulfur (Phe443), Pi-alkyl (Val482, Leu320, and Met324), Pi-Pi stacking (Phe330), and van der Waals forces (Tyr333 and Ser325). Conclusion: Pterygospermin shows potential as a competitive inhibitor of the MCR enzyme, providing a sustainable approach to mitigate methane emissions in livestock and contribute to global greenhouse gas reduction efforts. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 361-373]

This review aims to examine the functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from animal and human immune cells, with a focus on their roles in immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. It highlights their dual effects in infection and autoimmunity, cancer treatment, inflammatory conditions, and regenerative medicine while also addressing the challenges in standardizing EV production, isolation, and characterization for clinical applications. This review highlights the need for robust protocols to advance EV-based therapies. It also synthesizes current literature on immune cell-derived EVs, with a focus on their mechanisms of action in intercellular communication, immune modulation, and therapeutic delivery. Additionally, it examines studies that explore the regenerative potential of immune cell-derived EVs and discusses the technical and methodological challenges involved in EV research and clinical translation. EVs from immune cells can either boost or reduce immune responses in tumor therapy, which greatly affects how cancer develops and how well treatments work. These EVs also show promise in managing inflammatory diseases through immune modulation and targeted therapeutic delivery. Furthermore, immune cell-derived EVs possess regenerative properties, contributing to tissue repair and the maintenance of homeostasis. Despite these promising roles, challenges related to the standardization of EV production, isolation, and characterization continue to impede clinical translation, for improved protocols to ensure reproducibility and scalability. Immune cell-derived EVs possess substantial therapeutic potential in cancer treatment, inflammatory diseases, and regenerative medicine. These tiny membrane-bound particles, naturally released by immune cells, carry bioactive molecules that can modulate immune responses, suppress tumor growth, or promote tissue repair. However, before these therapies can be widely used in clinics, key challenges must be addressed, particularly in standardizing their production, characterization, and quality control. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 497-515]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus and obesity stand as globally prevalent, life-threatening metabolic diseases. It has been reported that the intake of a high-sugar diet (HSD) increases the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative supplemental diet that could reduce the harmful consequences of excessive sugar consumption. The current study aimed to explore how jackfruit seed powder (JSP) could potentially prevent metabolic diseases in mice induced by an HSD. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino male mice were categorized into six groups fed normal and HSDs with or without JSP supplementation for 8 weeks. After the end of the feeding trial, different parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis were measured. Results: We found that 20% of JSP supplementation significantly decreased food intake and body weight gain induced by HSD. Supplementation of JSP reduced the liver weight, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue weight in HSD-fed mice. Moreover, the addition of JSP with HSD improved the glucose tolerance test and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adding 20% JSP is particularly efficient in averting the onset of metabolic diseases induced by an HSD. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 374-384]

Objective: The purpose of the research was to assess possible diagnostic parameters related to subclinical mastitis in goats. Materials and Methods: Individual samples of milk from goats were separated into three groups based on the chloride concentration: group I < 70 mmol/l; II group 70–85 mmol/l; III group > 85 mmol/l. The composition of milk was studied, and smears were also made. Results: When the chloride content in goat milk exceeds 85 mmol/l, the somatic cell count increases by 3.2–5.7 times in relation to milk with a chloride content below 70 mmol/l, depending on the research method used. In the second group, the indicators exceed those of the first group by 2.1–3.8 times. Compared to the second and third groups, the indicator of electrical conductivity in goats of the first group was lower by 13.1% and 31.3%, respectively. Milk from healthy goats, characterized by a chloride content of less than 70 mmol/l, shows a chlorosugar number averaging 5 (ranging from 4.1 to 5.9). In cases where chloride levels in milk exceed 85 mmol/l, the average indicator of the chlorosugar number is 7.2 (from 6.5 to 7.9). If the content of chlorides is > 85 mmol/l, a positive result of the settling test with goat's milk is noted. Conclusion: A set of indicators such as chloride content > 85 mmol/l, the number of somatic cells >2 million/ml, chlorosugar number ≥ 7, along with confirmed results in the settling and mastidine tests—can be used as a diagnostic criterion for subclinical mastitis in goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 582-588]

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the solvent conditions suitable for preparing samples of total mixed ration (TMR) silage and ruminal fluid, with or without chitosan inclusion, to achieve more sensitive, specific, and repeatable analyses. Material and Methods: The metabolome contained in the sample was determined using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry quadrupole using samples in the form of TMR silage (silage with 0.5% inclusion of chitosan, silage without chitosan addition) and rumen fluid (rumen fluid containing 0.5% chitosan, ruminal fluid without chitosan) with and without the addition of chitosan, as well as three different solvent ratios: 50% water MS grade: 50% methanol (MeOH) MS grade (1), 20% water MS grade: 80% MeOH MS grade (2), and 0% water MS grade: 100% MeOH MS grade (3). Results: The TMR silage samples contained 311 metabolites, amino acid compounds predominating, followed by fatty acids and amines. Fatty acids, organic phosphate, and amines dominated the 39 metabolites found in rumen fluid samples. In the TMR silages, 100% MeOH seemed to be able to distinguish samples more effectively than other solvents; moreover, cinnamic acid, D-(+)-proline, and L(+)-ornithine were the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for silage samples. Whereas the use of a 50% MeOH to 50% water solvent ratio achieved the best discrimination results in rumen fluid samples, the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for ruminal fluid samples were triethyl phosphate, dibenzylamine, and phosphoric acid. Conclusion: 100% MeOH is able to distinguish TMR silage, while 50% MeOH to 50% water is best for ruminal fluid samples. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 589-600]