The study were conducted on 31 local female buffaloes breeds ,In basrah –Iraq ,during the period from 2010 – 2013 , 6 – 15 years old, among these 21 local femalebuffaloes breeds show signs of recurrent tympany one to two months after parturition,and 10 clinically healthy local female buffaloes breeds were served as controls ,moreover living status and kind of forage was archived before and after parturition ,nevertheless almost cases were not respond to the classical treatment when it given by theowners. Results of ruminal histopathological examination after rumenatomy indicatedrumenitis , ruminal adhesions and keratosis of rumeinal wall . It have been concluded thatchanging to holly concentrated food in late stage of the pregnancy might considered asthe important cause of frothy tympany.

The present work is designed to anatomical, histological and histochemical studyof the proventriculus of common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Thirty adultcommon moorhen which obtained from a commercial market of (Al Basra city) wereused in this study, and the work conducted at veterinary medicine collage –universityof Basra. The anatomical study revealed that the proventriculus of common moorhenwas tubular in shape with average mean of its length and width (20.00±.7906mm),(10.48±.1.53194mm) respectively. The internal surface of the proventriculuswas smooth and raising no papilla. The proventriculus connect with esophaguscranially and with muscular stomach caudally, It lies essentially in the vertical plane.The histological study showed that the proventriculus of common moorhen consist offour tunics (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa).The mucosal layer ofcharacterized by branched longitudinal folds (villi) lined by simple columnarepithelium, the sub mucosal layers manifested by presence of compound tubularglands which was arranged in pyramidal or conical shape (adenomere), whilemuscularis externa consist of two layers longitudinal inner and outer layer wascircular. The tunica serosa composed of loose connective tissue covered bymesothelum. The statistic analysis revealed that the average lengths of villi andadenomere were (74.50 ±14.72mm), ( 107.63±45.81mm) respectively, while theaverage width of villi, tunica sub mucosa, adenomere, muscularis externa and serosawere (8.75±2.36 mm), (143.12±30.37mm), (85.62±54.76mm), (22.12±6.29mm),(2.50±.00mm) respectively. The histochemical study of proventriculus showed thatthe carbohydrate have positive reaction with shiff reagent in the surface epithelium sub mucosal glands, tunica muscularis and serosa. While the glycogen granulesdistributed in the epithelium, around the sub mucosal glands and in tunica muscularis

Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hyperplasia (GpSGH) syndrome caused by the salivary gland hyperplasia virus reduces the reproduction potential of tsetse flies, posing a serious threat for rearing of sufficient colonies for use of tsetse and trypanosome control using the sterile insect technique. This research was conducted in the Kaliti Tsetse Mass Rearing and Irradiation Centre in Ethiopia with the objective of studying the prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies of G. pallidipes (Tororo and Arbaminch) reared for release in the implementation of the sterile insect technique and a field strain of G. pallidipes Arbaminch. Presence or absence of GpSGH was determined when pathological features of the salivary gland were revealed after dissection. The overall prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies was 48.3% (747/1548) with a statistically significant (z = 17.30, p = 0.001) prevalence of 70.2% (544/775) in Arbaminch colonies and 26.26% (203/773) in Tororo colonies. The prevalence of GpSGH in laboratory flies fed according to the clean blood feeding protocol was 68.9% and 22.4% in Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. It was 70.5% and 27.2% respectively in laboratory colonies of Arbaminch and Tororo strains fed according to the standard membrane feeding protocol. The difference in prevalence of the disease between the two feeding protocols was not statistically significant in either Arbaminch (z = 0.361, p = 0.359) or Tororo (z = 1.22, p = 0.111) strains. The prevalence of SGH in wild G. pallidipes Arbaminch strain was 3% (15/500) and was significantly (z = 23.61, p < 0.001) lower than in the laboratory strain. The effect of age and density-related stress on the development of GpSGH was not statistically significant. The prevalence of GpSGH in the newly emerging (teneral) flies in the laboratory colonies was 66.7% and 20% in the Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. For all considered risk factors, the prevalence was much higher in G. pallidipes Arbaminch laboratory colonies.

Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular parasites that cause important reproductive disorders in animals and humans worldwide, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of the present study was to analyse the possible role of peridomestic small mammals in the maintenance and transmission of C. burnetii and T. gondii in the north-western African archipelagos of the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, where these species are commonly found affecting humans and farm animals. Between 2009 and 2013, 108 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 77 mice (Mus musculus) were analysed for the presence of Coxiella and Toxoplasma antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), respectively. Our results showed a wide distribution of C. burnetii and T. gondii, except for T. gondii in Cape Verde, in both rodent species. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies was 12.4%; 21.1% for Cape Verde and 10.2% for the Canary Islands. With respect to T. gondii, seropositive rodents were only observed in the Canary Islands, with an overall seroprevalence of 15%. Considering the fact that both pathogens can infect a large range of hosts, including livestock and humans, the results are of public health and veterinary importance and could be used by governmental entities to manage risk factors and to prevent future cases of Q fever and toxoplasmosis.