The objective of this study is to describe the histological and histochemical structure of the ampulla ductus defrentis during different seasons of the year. The experiment was carried out on the ampulla of the deferent duct of 24 sexually mature apparently healthy male donkeys (5 to 7 years) distributed over the four seasons of the year. Both the lamina epithelialis and the epithelium lining the ampullary glands of the donkey showed highly significant (P < 0.01) seasonal variations. The interstitial tissue/ glandular tissue ratio of the ampullary glands showed as seasonal variations. The glandular epithelium of the ampullary glands of donkey had strong PAS positive reaction. This reaction decreased gradually during summer and autumn to reach its minimal amount during winter. In conclusions, the ampullary glands of donkey appeared more active during spring and this activity decreased gradually during the summer and autumn to reach it lowest activity during winter.

Alternative therapies to conventional wound management are available now-a-days to facilitate faster wound healing without any complications. Among various alternative therapies, it has been well established that maggot therapy can be used successfully to treat chronic long-standing infected wounds which previously failed to respond to conventional treatment. Maggot therapy employs the use of freshly emerged, sterile larvae of the common greenbottle fly, Phaenicia (Lucilia) sericata, and is a form of artificially induced myiasis in a controlled clinical situation. Maggot therapy, however, is used relatively little in veterinary medicine. Nevertheless, concern over antibiotic resistance and the increase in demand for organic husbandry and residue-free meat and milk, suggest that it is an option which merits further consideration. In this review article, authors’ discuss the role of maggots and their preparation for veterinary medical use.

The effect of rabies infection and vaccination on pregnancy was investigated in different groups of pregnant rats as an animal model. Intracerebral and intramuscular experimental infection with CVS rabies virus strain was applied on four pregnant rats groups at the middle (seven days after mating) and late stages of gestation (14 days after mating). Subcutaneous rout vaccination of other three pregnant rat groups five to seven days before; seven and 14 days after mating with the inactivated cell culture local rabies vaccine. Each group of infected rats showed clinical signs of rabies although their fetuses did not show any abnormalities. Virus recovery from the placenta and fetuses from dead and sacrificed animals failed to induce rabies signs in mice inoculated intracerebrally with placenta and fetus suspensions while brains of infected dams; through the routes; revealed positive FA by using fluorescent antibody technique. Vaccinated pregnant rats did not show any abnormalities with normal fetuses and good levels of specific rabies antibodies when estimated by serum neutralization test. These findings indicate that rabies vaccination of pregnant animals is safe and it could be recommended to protect both of dams and their offspring in the first months.

The apxIC genes of the <em>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</em> serovar 5 (SC-1), encoding the ApxIactivating proteins, was deleted by a method involving sucrose counter-selection. In this study, a mutant strain of <em>A. pleuropneumoniae</em> (SC-1) was constructed and named DapxIC/ ompP2. The mutant strain contained foreign DNA in the deletion site of ompP2 gene of <em>Haemophilus parasuis</em>. It showed no haemolytic activity and lower virulence of cytotoxicity in mice compared with the parent strain, and its safety and immunogenicity were also evaluated in mice. The LD₅₀ data shown that the mutant strain was attenuated 30-fold, compared with the parent strain (LD₅₀ of the mutant strain and parent strain in mice were determined to be 1.0 × 10⁷ CFU and 3.5 × 10⁵ CFU respectively). The mutant strain that was attenuated could secrete inactivated ApxIA RTX toxins with complete antigenicity and could be used as a candidate live vaccine strain against infections of <em>A. pleuropneumoniae</em> and <em>H. parasuis.</em>

Assessment of the neutralizing antibody response to the attenuated strain of peste des petits ruminants Nigerian strain (75/1) in 5 pregnant ewes revealed a geometric mean titre of 194, four weeks post Vaccination. Such an appreciably high titre was found to be dropped to 73.5, throughout 48 hours post parturn. Suckling kids born to these dams passively acquired a titre of 84.5 throughout their first month of life that dropped to 48.5 at the age of 2 months. At their 5th month of age their immune titre was found to be only 4. Data generated from this study might beof value in launching vaccination campaigns against peste des petits ruminants disease.

Effect of some neurotransmitters on pituitary in bull-camelThe present in vitro study is an attempt for profound exploration of the influence of some inhibitory (GABA and taurine) and excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamic acid and L-Argnine) on pituitary gland gonadotropic hormones in camels. For this purpose, neurotransmitters were added individually to pituitary cells in vitro. Results of current study revealed that addition of GABA alone has a potent inhibitory influence on gonadotropins release; an action which was dosedependent. In addition, exaggerated high dose of GABA added to culture resulting in depression of GnRH activity. Inhibitory neurotransmitter taurine preserved gonadotropins release within their normal values and maintained the stimulatory potentials of GnRH. On the other side, nitric oxide had a stimulatory action at small dose rates and a depressive effect at higher dose rates. Glutamic acid as the major endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter had a potent dose-dependent excitatory effect upon FSH and LH as well as GnRH stimulatory influence.

Micronization of chemical compounds is a new promising field as it reduces the size of the particles thus it increases their penetration power. Many theories prove that micronized particles are more effective even in very low concentration as compared to its normal size. Paracetamol is a commonly used effective analgesic and antipyretic agent for relief of mild and moderate pain. However, deliberate overdose or accidental overdose can cause hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we have evaluated and compared between the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects ofvitamin C and micronized vitamin C against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Activities of liver enzymatic markers (Alanine amino transferase "ALT", Aspartate amino transferase "AST", Alkaline Phosphatase "ALP") and total protein "TP" concentration were estimated in serum. Lipid peroxidation "MDA" and antioxidant status (reduced glutathione "GSH " concentration, glutathione reductase "GR", catalse and super oxide dismutase "SOD" activities) were measured in tissue homogenates. Paracetamol administration (600 mg/ Kg B.wt.) significantly increased the liver enzymatic markers and decreased the total protein level. It also increased hepatic lipid peroxidation “MDA” and the activities of both catalase and SOD while it decreased GSH content and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Treatment of vitamin C and micronized vtamin C restore the measured parameters nearly to their normal levels. Finally, micronized vitamin C has a more potent effect than ordinary vitamin C.

Thirty two cattle, had no neurological syndrome, were serologically positive to brucellosis by using Tube agglutination and Rose Bengal Tests, by the official veterinary authority in Beni Suef province, Egypt. These animals were slaughtered in Beni Suef abattoirs during the project of control and eradication of brucella positive animals in Beni Suef province. Postmortem examination was performed and the brain was mechanically removed. Longitudinally the brain was cut; one half was fixed in formalin 25% for 2 weeks and the other one were sent to microbiology department for bacteriological isolation. Transverse sections were done in the fixedtissue and samples were collected from cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, thalamus, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus. These samples were processed according to Bancroft and Gamble (2008). From the thirty two brain samples, no isolates of brucella species were recovered. From the thirty two brain samples, no isolates of brucella species were recovered. Brains of slaughtered animals showed no pathological lesions grossly. Microscopically, inflammatory reactions, degeneration, malacia, demyelination, pigmentation,and vascular changes were detected.

This study was done to investigate the prevalence of the Enterobacteriaceae in chickens and eggs. Isolation of forty four different bacterial isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae from chicken egg samples, cloacal swabs and swabs from Hatcheries’s floor, the isolates from commercial flock swabs were biochemically identified as E coli, P. mirabilis E Sakazakii and E .cloacae by incidence 22%, 55 %, 11% and 11 % respectively. The isolates from Layers and broilers breeder cloacal swabs were biochemically identified to be E. coli, P. mirabilis E. fergusonii and E .cloacae by incidence 20 %, 20 %, 20% and 40 % respectively. The isolates from commercial eggs were biochemically identified to be Pantoea Sp. , Kluyvera sp., E Sakazakii , E.aerogenes and E.harmanii by incidence 33.3% , 16.6% , 16.6% , 16.6% and 16.6 % respectively. The isolates from fertilized egg samples were biochemically identified as E Sakazakii , E. fergusonii , E.coli , E. Cloacae , Aeromonas ,S. Anatum and Prov. Alcolifaciens with a number of 1 ,1, 3, 3, 2, 2 and 1 , incidence 8% , 8% , 23% , 23% , 15% , 15% and 8 % respectively. The incidence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from floor swabs of both primitive and automatic hatcheries was 20.8 % and these isolates were biochemically identified to be Pantoea spp., Citrokoserilama, k.pneumo. Ozaenae and E .cloacae with number 2, 1, 1 and 1 also its incidence were 40%, 20%, 20% and 20 % respectively. We found that the most common isolated bacterium from eggs either fertilized orcommercial table eggs in our study was E.coli although we could isolate other bacterial species as Enterobacter, Proteus species , Escherichia fergusonii; E. Sakazakii, Klebsiella sp., S. anatum, and Pseudomonas sp..In-vitro sensitivity test of the isolated strains to various chemotherapeutic agents revealed that all isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Amoxicillin.

The present investigation was carried out to determine the in situ degradation kinetics of crop residue based complete rations using Nylon bag technique. Three iso-nitrogenous complete rations comprising of maize stover (T1), red gram straw (T2) or black gram straw (T3) and concentrate in 60: 40 proportion were prepared and evaluated for their rumen degradable DM, CP, NDF and ADF content using three adult male graded Murrah buffalo bulls (350 ± 9.36 kg) fitted with permanent rumen cannula. The slowly degradable fraction (b) of DM, CP, NDF (P<0.01) and ADF (P<0.05) and potential degradability (a+b) of DM, NDF, ADF (P<0.01) and CP (P<0.05) were higher in maize stover based complete ration (T1) when compared to others. The coefficients of effective degradability (ED) of CP, NDF (P<0.05) and ADF (P<0.01) were higher in T1 compared to other complete rations. However, the ED (%) of DM was higher in T1 compared to other rations but the differences were not statistically significant. Hence, it is concluded that maize stover based complete ration was better utilized in sacco in terms of protein and fibre as compared to other crop residue based complete rations.