BACKGROUND: Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus with spores, whose biotype A is responsible for a variety of diseases, including intestinal inflammation, bloody diarrhea, and gas gangrene, and hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Genetic variety can explain the bacteria’s phenotypic diversity, geographic distribution, host specificity, pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. A molecular method using the pattern of DNA bands classifies bacteria based on the size of fragments produced by enzymatic digestion of the genome.OBJECTIVES: This study aims to standardize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in identifying the genetic diversity of C. perfringens biotype A isolates.METHODS: The genomic DNA of the investigated strains was extracted, and the complete sequence of the alpha toxin gene locus was synthesized using specific primers designed by PCR technique. Enzymatic cleavage of the synthesized amplicons was performed with the Mse l restriction enzyme, and the resulting fragments were separated by electrophoresis and analyzed by ImageJ and NTSYSPC software.RESULTS: The findings showed that the alpha toxin gene locus sequence may change and is not conserved. In this research, 4 different patterns were identified based on enzymatic cleavage. Mutations in this locus can lead to diversity in C. perfringens biotype A and the creation of new strains.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research showed that the alpha toxin gene locus could be considered a DNA molecular marker in C. perfringens, and the PCR-RFLP technique can be used as a tool for typing this bacterium and estimating the phylogenetic relationships through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have investigated the positive effect of chitosan and nano-chitosan loaded clinoptilolite on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal histomorphology in different fish species. However, there are no data evaluating the potential effect of the composites on the fish stomach.OBJECTIVES: In the current study, the effects of chitosan and nano-chitosan loaded clinoptilolite on histological features and pepsin activity in the rainbow trout stomach were considered.METHODS: Chitosan and nano-chitosan loaded clinoptilolite were synthesized, and then two hundred and forty fish (~27.75 g) fish were distributed in eight groups each in three replicates. Ten days after adaptation, the fish were fed with eight diets, including control diet (CTR), clinpotilolite (T1), chitosan composites (T2, T3, T4), and nano-chitosan composites (T5, T6, T7) for 70 days. Afterward, all fish in each tank were anesthetized in clove extract (50 μl/l), and tissue samples were obtained for pepsin activity (n= 5) and histological assay (n = 5).RESULTS: The groups administrated with nanochitosan composites showed the highest pepsin activity (P˂0.05). Additionally, histological examinations exhibited a higher epithelial height, increased mucosal density, and oxynticopeptic cells hypertrophy in fish fed composites compared to the CTR group (P˂0.05). Meanwhile, nanochitosan composite administration could cause higher reaction of secreted granules to periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining.CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrated the potential application of chitosan and nano-chitosan loaded clinoptilolite composites for improvements in the histomorphology and pepsin activity of the rainbow trout stomach, resulting in higher growth performance.

BACKGROUND Agricultural pesticides can cause environmental pollution and damage to aquatic organisms. Bensulfuron-methyl is a widely used herbicide in agricultural fields, especially rice fields. Despite the solubility of Bensulfuron-methyl in water and its entry into aquatic environments, limited research has been conducted on the toxicity of this herbicide in aquatic organisms.OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the effects of chronic toxicity of Bensulfuron-methyl in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).METHODS: The fish were divided into four groups. Group 1 was considered as a control, and groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of the 96 h lethal concentration 50 of Bensulfuron-methyl equal to 0, 0.162, 0.324 and 0.486 g/L.  After 21 days, blood samples, serum levels, and liver tissue of fishes were analyzed.RESULTS: The number of white blood cells increased in groups 2 and 3 (received 0.162 and 0.324 g/L Bensulfuron-methyl) compared to group 1, while a significant decrease was observed in group 4 (received 0.486 g/L Bensulfuron-methyl) compared to other groups. The number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, and the percentage of hematocrit in groups 3 and 4 showed a significant decrease compared to other groups, and the values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were not significantly different in any groups. The amount of total serum protein in groups 3 and 4 decreased significantly compared to the control group. Serum glucose showed a significant increase in groups 3 and 4 compared to other groups. The values for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes showed an increasing trend with the increase of Bensulfuron-methyl concentration. The most liver tissue damage was observed in group 4, which included hyperemia, hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration, edematous cell infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and hepatic necrosis.CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the concentration of Bensulfuron-methyl can cause liver tissue damage and changes in hematological and serum biochemical markers in common carp.

BACKGROUND: Milk and dairy products are important sources of food-borne pathogens. Non-pasteurized dairy products are popular due to home production, beliefs about their higher nutritional value, high accessibility, and taste.OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the consumption pattern of local dairy products in women in Qom, Iran, in 2022, and determine the affecting factors.METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2022, 319 women in Qom were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Their demographic information (age, educational level, employment status, and income) and consumption of local dairy products were surveyed. In addition, a questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with 32 items and 4 subscales (attitude towards nutrition, subjective norms, behavioral intention, and nutritional behavior) was completed. The data was analyzed in SPSS software using ANOVA, and Chi-square test.RESULTS: Overall, the consumption rate of local milk was 82.3 %; yogurt, 85.1 %; cheese, 57.3%; cream, 53.7 %; butter, 42.3 %; and curd, 33.9 %. Regarding the daily consumption rate, the highest consumption rate was related to milk (13.9 %) and yogurt (11.8 %), and the lowest consumption was related to curd (3.1%) and cream (5.1 %). The type of dairy consumed was significantly related to behavioral intention and nutritional attitude (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the type of consumed dairy in terms of the husband's occupation (P=0.001), but there was no significant difference in terms of educational level, marital status, employment status, and relationship with the villagers (P>0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of local dairy products consumption, especially milk and yogurt, is high in women living in Qom. Their behavioral intention to consume healthy dairy products is at good level, but they do not have proper nutritional attitude and nutritional behavior. Therefore, the risk of developing common zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is high in Qom.

BACKGROUND: RPMI 1640 is one of the most widely used culture media for the growth of microorganisms such as Leishmania, which is typically enriched with 10-30 % of fetal bovine serum (FBS) or calf serum (FCS) due to having growth factors such as micronutrients, trace elements, and hormones.OBJECTIVES: As a result of limitations such as the high cost of commercial sera and the recent propagation of ostrich and camel breeding in our country as well as the possibility of obtaining their sera comprising growth factors similar to FBS or FCS, we decided to compare different percentages of these sera with FBS regarding the growth of two Leishmania species.METHODS: 1×106/mL of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica were cultured in RPMI 1640 in the presence of different percentages of 2.5-30 % related to all three sera; they were then counted, compared, and analyzed on different days up to the fourteenth day.RESULTS: The highest proliferation of both Leishmania species was observed in the presence of all percentages of FBS up to day 7. In media enriched with less than 5 % of both ostrich and camel sera, the growth of the two species of Leishmania was favorable; however,with the increase in the amount of these sera, the proliferation of both species decreased. While only 10 % of sera was compared, the highest growth of L. major and L. tropica was observed in the presence of FBS followed by camel serum.CONCLUSIONS: For 5 % and less concentrations, each ostrich and camel sera and for 10 %, only camel serum are recommended as substitutes for FBS in RPMI 1640 concerning the cultivation of L. major and L. tropicafor a week of incubation;if more than 15 percent is required, FBS is still the best option.

BACKGROUND: Today, due to the high cost of animal proteins on aquatic diets, a great deal of attention has been paid to further use of plant proteins.OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to replace fish meal with corn protein concentrate (CPC) (Empyreal® 75) and investigate its effect on growth, survival, and body composition of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).METHODS: Corn protein concentrate was replaced with fish meal at four levels of 0, 15, 30, and 45 % in three replicates in a completely randomized design. A total of 120 Siberian sturgeons weighing 8.27±0.39 g were distributed into twelve 80-L round plastic tanks with a density of 10 fish per tank. After a week of acclimatization period, fingerlings were fed with four diets with the same protein and energy levels (isonitrogenic and isocaloric) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth parameters and carcass composition were measured.RESULTS: The results revealed that the total length, final weight, body weight increase. Specific growth rate, average daily growth, protein efficiency ratio, and condition factor were significantly higher in fish fed with corn protein concentrate at the level of 15 % compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). The food conversion ratio had the lowest value in this treatment, which showed a significant difference with the other treatments (P<0.05). A significant difference in carcass protein was observed in fish fed corn protein concentrate 15 % and 30 % in comparison with fish fed with 45 % corn protein concentrate. The survival rate was 100 % in all the treatments.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the obtained findings, it could be stated that corn protein concentrate at the level of 15 % can be a good substitute for fish meal in Siberian sturgeon diet.

BACKGROUND: The widespread use of electromagnetic waves in communication has led to the consideration of their biological effects. According to valid scientific findings, these waves can entail changes in the cell function, there by causing or accelerating some diseases.OBJECTIVES: Since the amount of liver enzymes in the blood can be a sign of liver damage, this study was performed to evaluate these enzymes.METHODS: This experiment was done on 120 six-month-old pigeons. After adaptation to laboratory settings, they were divided into six random groups of distance from BTS and daily exposure time. G1: 50 cm/30 minutes, G2:100 cm/30 minutes, G3: 150 cm/30 minutes, G4: 50 cm/60 minutes, G5:100 cm/60 minutes, and G6:150 cm/60 minutes.Each group was exposed to waves for one month daily and blood tests were measured to determine the amount of liver enzymes before and one month after exposure; the results were processed by SPSS software.RESULTS: The findings of this study revealed a statistically significant relationship between BTS waves and liver damage after the increase in the level of liver enzymes in all six groups. Therefore, it is safe to assume that electromagnetic waves, depending on the frequency, energy, duration and distance, can have destructive effects on body tissues, including the liver. The mean changes of ALP and ALT were the highest and the lowest, respectively. Also, the most changes in liver enzymes occurred in the first and fourth groups, which had the shortest distance to the wave source.CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the exposure time and reducing the distance to the wave source changed the amount of liver enzymes. This study showed that "distance to the source of wave propagation" was more important than "exposure time".

BACKGROUND: Nucleotides (NT) are known as semi- or conditionally essential nutrients which might occasionally become essential in pathological and stress conditions that demand intense nucleic acid and protein synthesis.OBJECTIVES: A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of NT supplementation on growth performance and stress resistance of fry kutum (Rutilus kutum).METHODS: A basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 g NT kg-1 to formulate four experimental diets. After eight weeks of feeding trial, the growth parameters were evaluated and then fish exposed to osmotic stress. To elucidate the underlying physiological mechanisms, cortisol and HSP70 levels were measured at selected times of 0, 2h, 8h, and 24h after the osmotic shock.RESULTS: According to the results of growth parameters after eight weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diet with 0.7 g NT kg-1 had the highest final weight and DGR compared with the other treatments (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed concerning FCR, SGR, CF, and PER between the treatments (P>0.05). The results of HSP70 revealed that fish fed with NT had higher levels of HSP70 expression. Additionally, the levels of HSP70 at 2h increased significantly by 3-7-folds over the baseline levels (0h), and then decreased significantly at 24h; however, HSP70 levels at 24h was 1-3-fold over the baseline levels. The findings of cortisol showed that Cortisol values were significantly affected by dietary NT levels (P<0.05) and lower stress-induced cortisol and glucose elevation were observed in all the NT groups compared to the control group. Moreover, plasma cortisol levels reached a significant peak 2h after the salinity stress. This value decreased significantly after 8h, returning to the pre-stress levels by 24h (P>0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that NT administration promoted growth performance and increased the ability of resistance to osmotic stress during freshwater to seawater transfer in fry kutum.

Clinical and pathological findings were described in stillborn kids affected with congenital goiter in a goat flock of Beetle breed in Garmsar Iran.The observations involved seven stillborn kids with goiter, including one case with triplet fetuses and two cases with twine fetuses. The thyroid glands were clearly visible, enlarged, and palpable in all the dead kids. The fetuses had a large swelling in the cranio-ventral neck region. Upon cutting skin in each fetus, the swelling revealed the extremely enlarged thyroid gland with two almost symmetrical lobes with both lobes approximately 15 × 8 × 5 cm in size.Histopathological hyperplastic goiter was observed in four kids and colloid goiter was diagnosed in three.Twins or triplets were observed to be predisposed to congenital goitre. All the stillborn kids were twins or triplets. On the other hand, single-born kids survived and showed a normal growth rate.

BACKGROUND: Impingement of the dorsal spinous processes is a common cause of pain and poor performance in sport horses.OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of impingement in dorsal spinous processes and the correlation between the occurrence of this complication and certain parameters, such as age, height, weight, discipline, breed, neck length, and clinical signs.METHODS: In this study, radiographic examination of the spine of 50 horses were performed. The information about height, weight, discipline, breed, neck length, and clinical signs were also collected. Radiographic grading was based on the degree of the changes in inter spinous spaces and their densities (0-4 degrees). The clinical examinations were carried out to evaluate the pain in the spine. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between the collected data.RESULTS: The highest incidence of impingement was seen in the middle thoracic area. There was a significant correlation between the occurrence of impingement and age and the breed of the studied horses. There was no correlation between the incidence of impingement and sex, height, neck length, and weight of the studied horses.  Increased radiographic grade often leads to an increase in the severity of clinical signs. A higher grade of radiographic sign in each horse was indicative of more involved inter spinous spaces.CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, Grade 3 and 4 had high specificity with clinical signs; therefore, preparation of a radiograph of the spine before purchasing a horse could be highly recommended.