It was aimed with present study to determining the assemblages characterisation of G. duodenalis and to comparison of pathogenicity of intermittent spread agent with microscopic faecal examination and Nested PCR in cattle. Assemblages A and E were found to be major assemblage of G. duodenalis detected by targeting the amplication of β-giardin with nPCR. Furthermore, it was observed that 7/9 calves that were nPCR negative in the 1st month returned to positivity in the following months (100%), and negative microscopy and rapid test kit evaluations could be detected despite periodic nPCR positivity. In conclusion this study might be represented baseline date for following of faceal excreation period and importance of preventive treatment in cattle.

 For long and healthy life, new drugs, medical services, and care must be developed against diseases. Laboratory animals are used in pharmacology and toxicology studies. The use of laboratory animals causes serious problems such as animal welfare and cost. Cell culture, which constitutes the first step of drug development, is used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs; however, it can cause failure due to unpredictable liver toxicity and bioavailability problems. Invertebrates are used to determine the desired effect in the early stages of drug development. Silkworm, an invertebrate, is one of the best models to represent genetic, biochemical studies due to its complex metabolism, large body, the abundance of mutants. Silkworms have been used in many studies on pathogenic microorganisms in the world. In this review, the information will be given on the use of silkworms as a pharmacological and toxicological animal model.

N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) which is a hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland and other tissues, affects a variety of biologic processes in organism with receptor dependent pathways and independent pathways. Both in vivo and and in vitro experiments show that the melatonin via its receptors, stimulates differentiation of immune cells and immune cell–target cell interactions. The influences of melatonin on immune system are generally associated with production of cytokines. In addition melatonin has powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The findings about the effects of melatonin on immune system are promising for therapy of immune system diseases. The present review attempts to summarize melatonin’s effects on immune system.

Despite the implication of viruses and bacteria in oncogenesis, commensal microbes play a beneficial role in anticancer therapy. Microbiota regulates responses made to various types of cancer chemotherapy by affecting the mechanism of action and toxicity of these therapies. From birth, microbiota confers innate and acquired immune responses and its role in modulating health and diseases has recently been appreciated. Increasing evidence also suggests that microbiota affects the pattern of body energy balance thus; they have a correlation with obesity, obesity-related complications and insulin resistance. Hence, microbiota has attracted the interest of researchers. However, there is little, if any, robust evidence-based review on their role in patients’ response to cancer therapy and their influence on host-biochemistry thus, this review aimed to achieve that.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of phenolics and their well-documented health benefits, they have great potentials for drug development. Thus, this review sought to add to existing literature regarding the anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of phenolic compounds mainly, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, ensuring a good balance between reactive species; reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively) and anti-oxidants via the consumption of diets rich in phenolic compounds is crucial for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Aside from that, consuming phenolics reduces one’s risk of contracting microbial-borne diseases as they possess an anti-microbial potential. Consequently, phenolic compounds are potent candidates for drug development. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms. Also, studies should be carried to ascertain the efficacies of phenolic compounds-metal complexes in anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.

Inflammation is one of the main causes of impaired health in livestock and some of its processes weaken animal productivity and impact human health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of echinacea extract (cichoric acid – CA) on yak peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), inflammatory-related factors, and the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signalling pathway induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these PBMCs.

The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants is principally dependent on anthelmintic therapy, which encounters the rising problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development. Veterinarians reported anthelmintic failure in several sheep farms in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, which called for a systematic study about the efficacy of three commonly used drugs: albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole.