USGB with biopsy gun using free hand technique was found to be an easy, safe and accurate technique for obtaining sufficient and good quality tissue for histopathological diagnosis in cases of hepatic, renal, prostatic, splenic affections and abdominal masses in dogs. Similarly USG-FNABwith 20-22 G needles attached with 5-10ml disposable syringe using free hand technique was found to be an easy, safe, economical, accurate and reliable technique for obtaining sufficientand good quality samples for cytological diagnosis in cases of splenic and prostatic affections and abdominal masses in dogs.

The serum biochemical profile of Japanese Quails which were supplanted with zinc in the diet was studied. The concentration of serum glucose, total protein, uric acid, AST, chloride and phosphorus changes when the birds were fed with zinc supplemented diet while the concentration of cholesterol, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and magnesium remains unchanged. The levels of serum glucose, AST and phosphorus increases with the increase of zinc in the diet while the level of uric acid and chloride decreased. Total protein level increased initially on zinc supplementation but further increase in the amount of zinc resulted in decrease level of total protein.

The present report was based on analysis of 410 cases (300 buffaloes and 110cattle) of reproductive disorders. Buffaloes (300 cases) constituted the major number of the total cases followed by cows (110 cases). Dystocia cases were the major obstetrical problem in buffaloes and cattle constituted 77 and 40 per cent, respectively.

Different segments of oviduct (infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and utero tubaljunction)of six buffaloes each during follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle were studied. The samples were collected in 10% NBF processed for paraffin sectioning were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, PetiodicAcid Schiff, alcian blue and PASalcian blue. The mucosa was found thrown into longitudinal folds having primary, secondary and tertiary branches. Branching was more pronounced in infundibulum and ampulla as well as during the follicular phase as compared to luteal phase. The different segments were lined with columnarto pseudostratifiedcolumnarepithelium.The cellswere ciliatedand non ciliated type. In follicular phase, the epithelium showed strong PASreaction which was con~entrated in the supranuclear zone while during the luteal phase the reaction was moderate. The reaction was granular in nature. The epithelium was also strongly positive for alcian blue and PASalcian blue during follicularphase. Thepropria submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa showed weak to mild reaction for PASand alcian blue.

Pertaining to the scenario at hand milk samples from Holstein x Hariana crossbred cows were investigated for alternation in enzyme activity as influenced by sub clinical mastitis (SCM) and their percent sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios and correlation with (somatic cell count) SCC were calculated. It was found that SCM influence significantly the activity of ALP at pO.OIand LDH at pO.O5in milk. Aspartate amino transferase activity was not influenced by SCM in milk. Moreover, both were found to be correlated with somaticcellcount, significantly.Fromthe likelihoodratios itwas clearthat both alkalinephosphatase (ALP) and LDH can be used for diagnosis of SCM, but, ALP is the safe indicator of SCM in the present study.

The effect of two thawing temperatures (37°Cfor30 sec. and 60°Cfor 7 sec.)on sperm survivability and conception rate in buffaloes with frozen semen of Murrah bulls was compared. Thawing at 60°C resulted in statistically significant increase (P0.05) in sperm survivability (motility,live spermatozoa and intact acrosomes) compared with thawing at 37°c. In all, 161 buffaloes were inseminated with frozen semen thawed at 37°Cand 159buffaloeswith semen thawed at 60°Cbetween 2006-07 and 2009-10. Conception rate of 64.15% and 50.31% was obtained with semen thawed at 60°C and 37°C, respectively, and the difference was significant (P0.05). Artificial insemination of buffaloes with frozen semen thawed at 60°C for 7 sec. could be safely used to improve both sperm survivability and conception rate in buffaloes.

Interactive effect of ethanolic extract of Coccinia indica leaves with glibenclamide (oral hypoglycemic agent) on hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats was studied. The diabetic rats were administered with C. indica leaf extract at the dose of 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight in combination with glibenclamide at the rate of 0.125 mg/kg. Blood glucose, serum cholesterol and triglyceride were estimated at 15 days intervals and liver glycogen, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxides in tissues at the end of the experiment. All the treatment groups showed significant lowering of blood glucose after 45 days of treatment when compared to the diabetic control. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides also returned to normal levels after 45 days of treatment. Reduced glutathione and lipid peroxide levels were also comparable with that of normal control at the end of the treatment. None of the treatment group showed any severe hypoglycaemia or other toxic effects and the combination of C. indica at the rate of 200 mg/kg with glibenclamide produced the most significant antidiabetic effect. The results suggested that interaction of C. indica with glibenclamide can produce significant hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect in diabetic rats and can be used safely in the treatment of diabetes.

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Pasteurella multocida strain P52 were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) using pre-challenge serum from HS vaccinated cattle-calves. IgG antibody titers of pre-challenge sera from HS vaccinated calves surviving and succumbing to direct challenge with virulent culture were determined against formalized P52 cells, P52 crude cell lysate, and OMPs of P52 purified by IAC. It was observed that OMP antigens were involved with protective response in calves and indirect ELISA test using lAC purified antigens can be developed for in vitro potency determination of Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) vaccines.

Anthelmintic resistance against commonly used anthelmintics (ivermectin, levamisole, morantel and fenbendazole) was studied in naturally occurring gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes in adult sheep of unorganized sheep farms of district Ludhiana (Punjab). After qualitative and quantitative screening of faeces of 100 sheep, fifty sheep having eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) 500 were randomly selected and divided into five equal groups. Ivermectin @ 200 ìg/kg body weight and levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight, injected subcutaneously, in two different groups, were 99.08 and 98.17 per cent effective,respectively. Whereas, fenbendazole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight and morantel citrate @ 6.0 mg/kg body weight, orally was 66.28 and 95.41 per cent effective and the fifth group was kept as untreated control with natural exposure to gastrointestinal nematodes. Hence, it was concluded that the naturally occurring GI nematodes of sheep were susceptible for ivermectin and levamisole, suspected for resistance against morantel citrate and were resistant to fenbendazole.

A study was conducted on the epididymis of 30 Gaddi goats, divided into three groups of 10 animals in each viz; Prepubertal (1 day old to 18 months of age), Pubertal (18 months to 5yrs of age)and Postpubertal (5yrs of age). The study revealed that all the structures of epididymis grew gradually and consistently with age; however the differential growth was more appreciable during prepubertal and pubertal stages of life than in the later phases. In one day old kids, the tubular epithelium comprised of simple columnar epithelium, which became pseudostratified columnar at six months of age. The tubular diameter and height of the epithelium and its stereocilia also increased from birth to late prepuberty. It increased further in the pubertal animals and only slightly in postpubertal animals. Histochemically the cytoplasm of epididymis was PAS positive and Sudanophilic. Moderate to strong ACPase and strong AKPase activities were observed in all the segments of epididymis, which increased with age.