In India, curd forms one of the essential item and efficient source of probiotics supplement. Probiotics are a group of beneficial lactic acid producing bacteria which constitute the major portion of the gut micro floral population providing invaluable B-complex vitamins. In the present study, the prebiotic potential of commercially available Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) targeting, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was utilized to prepare smart curd and the same was examined for chemical, microbiological, sensory evaluation and compared with control curd. It has been found that addition of FOS improves the sensory parameters and did not affect the microbiological parameters and can be deemed safe for consumption.

Injectable anesthesia in farm animals been used on a routine basis in academia and in clinical practice in the United Statesof America. As an ambulatory clinician, the author has used various pharmaceuticals and combinations for sedation and short termgeneralized anesthesia, on farm animals in performing various techniques, clinical procedures,major and minor surgeries in the clinic and on the farm. There are many physical and mental challenges in dealing with farm animals when safely restraining or immobilizing them for any surgical or non-surgical procedures performed. The main goal is to effectively control the animal without injuring the /tosubject/animal or the personnel involved. In most cases, for performing physical examination or minor surgery a chute, crush, ropes, or local anesthesia is sufficient to accomplish the task. However, on certain situations, sedatives, dissociative, and systemic analgesics can provide the mental distraction needed to reduce reflex reactions and override learned behaviors. This article will review some of the common uses of sedation and anesthesia in performing both minor and major surgeries using injectable anesthetic drugs in farm animals. 

The effect of 2% lignocaine CRI during ketofol anaesthesia was studied in twelve adults dogs divided into two groups consisting of 6 animals each viz. Group-I (ketofol), Group-II (ketofol and 2% Lignocaine CRI) presented for hysterectomy procedure. Haematological and biochemical parameters were found to be within the physiological range. Ketofol along with 2% lignocaine as CRI showed no majoradvantage over ketofol alone.

The haemato-biochemical profile of sheep and goat with gastrointestinal parasitism was studied. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from Nellore (Jodipi) sheep and Tellicherry goats, reared under the semi-intensive system in the University research farm in Madhavaram Milk Colony, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu from January to June, 2022. The haemoglobin (Hb) value, packed cell volume (PCV) values and RBC values showed significant reduction.Similarly, the reduction of the differential count was also observed in infected sheep viz., lymphocyte and monocyte, whereas there was asignificant increase in total neutrophil count, total eosinophil count and basophil in infected sheep as compared to healthy sheep. In goats, there was significant reduction in Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC values whereas there was a significant increase in total monocyte count in infected goat as compared to healthy goats. 

The present investigation was carried out on 365 records of Gir cows maintained at Cattle Breeding Farm during the period from 1986 to 2014 with an objective to assess the influence of various environmental factors on monthly test day milk yield in Gir animals. The overall least square means for individual monthly test day milk yields in Gir cows ranged from 2.74±2.0 to 6.35±0.26 litres. The effect of season of calving on first monthly test day was highly significant, The effect of age at first calving and period of calving was non-significant on all monthly test day milk yields.

A two year old, intact female Great Dane was presented with the history of dysponea and anorexia for a period of six days. The dog was already treated in a private clinic. Based on the clinical, haematological, biochemical and peripheral blood smear examination, the case was diagnosed as canine babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni. Echocardiographic examination revealed both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. The dog was treated with doxycycline, clindamycin and metronidazole. Histopatological examination revealed myocardial necrosis and haemorrhage.

A three-year-old male dog was presented with a mass in the oral cavity. Upon examination of the oral cavity revealed a soft and pink mass on the hard palate. Surgical excision was performed under general anaesthesia. Based on the histopathological examinations the case was diagnosed as fibrosarcoma. Recurrence of the tumour occurred within two months at the same site on the hard palate and wasreoperated for surgical excision. Animal made an uneventful recovery.

Cutaneous tumors are commonly noticed in small and large ruminants, but fibrosarcoma in skin and subcutaneous tissue is a rare finding. This might be one of few case reports of cutaneous fibrosarcoma in goats. A three-year old, female goat was presented with a history of progressive growth at the base of the horn in frontal region, noticed over a period of one month of duration. Physical examination revealed presence of a solitary mass (9.0 cm×7.2 cm×1.8 cm) at the base of the right horn extended to inter-horn space medially and forehead cranially. Survey radiograph revealed no pulmonary metastasis. Histopathology of excised tumor mass confirmed as fibrosarcoma. The goat had a recurrence of fibrosarcoma within three weeks from initial excision.

The current experiment was conducted to study the histology of duodenum in broilers fed with different levels of inclusion of cashew apple waste (CAW) as well as enzymes. The study was carried out for a period of 42 days. A sum total of two hundred and ten day-oldvencobb-400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups with three replicates of 10 chicks in each group. Group 1 (G1) received control diet prepared as per BIS (2007) recommendations. G2 and G3 birds received diet prepared with 5 and 10 per cent CAWwithout any enzyme supplementation, respectively. G4 and G5 birds received 5 per cent CAW with supplementation of 500 g/ton and 750 g/ton of enzymes, respectively. G6 and G7 birds received 10 per cent CAW with supplementation of 500 g/ton and 750 g/ton ofenzymes, respectively. It was found that, histomorphological features like villus height and thickness of tunica mucosa were found to be higher in group (G4) where 5 per cent CAW with NSP degrading enzymes at 500 g/ton were fed significantly (p<0.01) when compared to all other groups. The number of goblet cells was observed to be significantly (p<0.01) lesser in the group (G4) when compared to all other groups. 

An experiment was conducted to utilize skim milk for the preparation of low fat paneer, a value added product. Low fat paneer was prepared by using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and inulin as fat replacers. Full fat control paneer (C1) was prepared from buffalomilk standardized to 5 per cent fat and 9 per cent SNF. Skim milk control paneer (C2) was prepared from skim milk standardized to 0.3 per cent fat and 9 per cent SNF. WPC was incorporated at 0.25 (T1) and 0.5 per cent levels (T2). Inulin was used at the level of 1.5 (T1)and 2 per cent (T2) for the preparation of low fat paneer. The prepared paneer samples were evaluated for physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic qualities. Incorporation of WPC had significantly increased the yield as well as moisture content of low fat paneer. Inulin at 2 per cent level had increased the yield of low fat paneer. Both WPC and inulin had improved the sensory acceptability of low fat paneer prepared from skim milk.