This study was carried out to understand how sausage matrices affect the survival and acid tolerance of STEC O157 and O26. STEC O157 and O26 were inoculated on sausage surface approximately 5 log. After inoculation sausages were vacuum packed and stored at 4°C. Pathogen counts and synthetic gastric fluid (pH 1,5) experiments were conducted on day 0, 15 and 30 of the storage. Three trials were conducted for each pathogen separately. Both serogroups had viable counts on sausage during storage, STEC O26 count decreased about 1log and O157 about 3log during storage. At the end of the storage both O26 and O157 were viable on the sausage surface 4.59 log and 2.54 log respectively. For acid survival experiments pathogen counts were obtained on 30th, 60th and 90th minute of synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) exposure. Our results show that O26 endured acid stress longer than O157 during SGF experiments throughout storage of frankfurters. The results of this study may support the idea that some non-O157 STEC strains might be more resistant to acid stress than O157 STEC but further studies should be conducted before drawing a conclusion.

This study was carried out to investigate the socio-economic analysis of fishermen of Çıldır Lake (Ardahan/Kars) cooperative. It has beendetermined that all fishermen are members of these cooperatives and that they are not members of any other nongovernmental organization. Ithas been determined that the ages of fishermen vary between 34 and 74, 100% are married and their spouses are between 20 and 70 years old.They were found to be primary school graduates with a rate of 74%. 65.21% of fishermen received a special training on their professions. Itwas found that 17.4% of fishermen had no sources of income other than fishing, and the remaining 82.6% were active in agriculture, animalhusbandry or other fields. It is generally determined that they have 1 boat, the majority of the boats are 6 m in length and made of iron. It wasseen that 43.47% of family members participated in hunting activities. Ownership of all of the boats belonged to the fishermen themselves and30.4% of them were informed that they were receiving them with the help of their boat families. It was found that fishermen used pinters incrayfish hunting and fennel nets in fish hunting. Although Çıldır Lake fishermen 's professions are found to be economically inadequate, it hasbeen determined that 14 fishermen with 60.87% of their income are happy to do this job due to their presence in one or more of the reasons foradditional income, habit, passion / hobby.

In the world, aquaculture is seen as the fastest growing and developing food production sector and however, in the near future, it is estimatedthat the rates of fisheries and aquaculture will be equalized. In 2015, the fisheries production of the world amounted to 170,345,641 tons (fisheries;93,704,616 tons and aquaculture; 76,641,025 tons) according to the FAO records.The aquaculture in Turkey started in 1970s and its rate in total fisheries production has rapidly increased as of 2000. In our country, the amountof aquaculture, which was 79,943 tons in 2003, reached 253,395 tons in 2016. The aquaculture rate in the total production of our country hasincreased by more than 310%. As one of the most important reasons for this rate increase, it is seen to be providing some support policies withvarious incentive systems by the government for support and encourage the aquaculture in country.Directly product support for aquaculture farmers was started in 2003. According to the total capacity of the farms, total product and fry supportswere provided. In 2008, the total capacity supported was limited to 2000 tons/year. However, in 2012, different tonnage application (whole unitprice to 250 tons/year and ½ unit price from 251 to 500 tons/year) were brought to the total product support and the fry support was removed.At the same time, the processed product support was brought at the rate of twice the amount specified in the invoices of the total product. In thepresent, the support system is still continuing.The types of product support, prices, supported capacities and the expense criteria are applied annually by issuing the “Aquaculture SupportCommuniqués” in the Official Gazette.

In this study a total of 165 (10.0-21.0 cm TL, 17.40-180.10 g TW) Redcoat, Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) were caught in IskenderunBay between September 2017 and April 2018 using a longline As a result, length-weight relationships (LWRs), sex ratio and condition theestimates for b parameter of the LWR ranged between and 3.098 3.096 and 3.100 for males, females and both sexes, respectively. Positiveallometric growth were observed for male, female and both sexes. Fulton’s condition (KF) factor values also revealed not significant variations(P>0.001) for females (1.904) and males (1.926) specimens of S. rubrum. No information currently exists on the length-weight relationship andcondition of S. rubrum in the southeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This paper is an important contribution to the science and fisheriesmanagement applications for this species.

Coral reefs are one of the most important marine ecosystems around the world. This ecosystem is the breeding and living ground for vastof animals including corals, fish, mollusks and even sea turtles and dolphins. There is a disaster which is raising more and more by naturaleffects and more importantly by human origin. Global warming and consequently raising heat endangers the life of living organisms especiallyimmobile ones. Coral reefs belong to the sessile animals that cannot move, migrate or defend themselves as strongly as advanced organisms.Different stressors such as thermal shock result in bleaching coral reefs so that the symbiont algae (zooxanthellae) does not return to the colonywhich ends to corals’ death. Coral Reefs of the Persian Gulf are not the exception and they have been bleached severely during last few years.The study was done by direct observation and via SCUBA diving and photography. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data were achievedby NOAA satellite and they were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2010. Typically, water temperature rises from March to middle of August anddecreases again toward December. The most severe bleaching happened in August 2015 in Northern Larak Island while the water temperaturewas 32.60 ᵒC. However, the water temperature was high even in January, February and March to 22.84 ᵒC. The highest temperature duringAugust 2017 (32.81 ᵒC) was another bleaching peak for North and Eastern Larak Island corals. During this catastrophe in 2017, more than90% of genus Acropora and more than 80% of genus Porites were bleached. There was a recovery status in bleached corals in 2018 but deadcorals never recovered. Although there are resistant corals in the coral reef ecosystem, heat is a certain stress which can ruin the ecosystem.

This study was conducted between March 2017 and February 2018 to determine the rotifer fauna of Hazar Lake provide clear diagnosis ofsuspected rotifers in electron microscopy. Totaly 24 species from Rotifera, were identified in our this study. In this study, scanning electronmicroscope photographs of some Rotifera species were taken. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the trophi structure (SEM), which is animportant part of the species identification of monogonont rotifers, has also been performed in this study.

A large number of biomarkers and indicator organisms have been suggested for the assessment of ecotoxicity of man-made compounds onaquatic environments. The physiological and biochemical indices in fishes are sensitive for detecting potential toxic effects, and also are obviousfrom the same reports that studies on the impact of pollutants on the physiological and biochemical status of aquatic organisms. In anattempt to define and measure the effect of pollutants on an ecosystem, biomarkers have attracted a lot of interest. The underlying principleof the biomarker approach is the analysis of an organism’s physiological or biochemical response to pollutant exposure. The measurement ofbiochemical and physiological parameters is a diagnostic tool commonly used in aquatic toxicology and bio-monitoring, so Hematologicaland immunological parameters are suitable biomarkers in mercury studies. During stress, fish respond in a number of ways in order to regainhomeostasis and two important physiological processes which are modulated when fish are exposed to stress, are hormonal status and immunefunction. In this paper, our previous research's on effects of different pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, nano particles, organic pollutants andetc.) on many fish species (marine and freshwater) was studied to detect new biomarkers (enzymatic, hormonal, immunological, hematological,histopathological and etc.) for water quality monitoring. In this study we examined markers of hematology, enzyme, hormone and histopathologyin different fishes. The aim of this study was to test a multi-trial biomarker approach for evaluating toxicological risk due to the majortoxicant in the water, using fishes as bio-indicator organism. The main objectives of this researches were: to identify the tissues and biologicalmaterials useful for biomarker studies; to evaluate various biochemical biomarkers in different tissues; to identify the most suitable biomarkersfor evaluating chemical stress due to the contaminants explored in this study.

The present study was aimed at the determination of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane administration on blood malondialdehyde levels and certain antioxidant parameters in goats. The study was conducted on 7 healthy Angora goats. Blood samples were taken from all of the animals prior to the administration of propofol, following the induction of anaesthesia, and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and 24 hours after sevoflurane administration. The collected blood samples were used to measure plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin A and beta-carotene, vitamin E levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. In the Angora goats, which were anaesthetized with propofol and sevoflurane, neither plasma MDA, vitamin A and β-carotene, vitamin E levels, nor erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities displayed any statistically significant difference during and after anaesthesia. In result, it was determined that propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia did not induce any adverse effect on blood MDA levels or the antioxidant parameters investigated in the Angora goat.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of different levels of chicken egg lecithin in diets on growth and feeding parameters, lipoprotein fractions and histological changes in gut and liver of binni juveniles (Mesopotamichthy Sharpeyi). The experimental fish with initial mean weight of 3.1 ± 0.17 g were fed to satiation 3 times a day with four experimental diets containing different levels of egg lecithin (0, 2, 4 and 6%) for 8 weeks. Fish were fed 4 and 6% chicken egg lecithin showed significantly higher final growth, specific growth rate, improved feed conversation ratio, protein efficiency and survival compared with control group. Fish were fed the diet containing 4-6% lecithin showed significantly higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) than fish fed 2% chicken egg lecithin and control. Fish were fed the diet containing 4-6% lecithin showed higher goblet cells and lower lipid vacuoles in anterior intestine enterocytes than control group. Also, the livers of fish were fed chicken egg lecithin showed normal structure and hepatocyte with clear central nucleus compared with control group, visually. So, it appears phospholipids (PLs) have a specific role for lipid transport and absorption. Therefore, the use of 4-6% chicken egg lecithin as PLs source in diet of juvenile binni fish for improvement growth performance is recommended.

In this study, seminal plasma proteins were seperated by sodium doedosil sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the relationship between obtained protein bands and motility, abnormal number of spermatozoa, abnormal number of dead spermatozoa and spermatozoa density indicating the quality of spermatozoa were examined before and after frozen samples of sperma. Ejaculate samples from 18 holstein bulls were taken and transported to the laboratory in cold conditions. After the examinations of the sperma samples, some of the samples were diluted and frozen. Some other sperma samples were centrifuged to obtain seminal plasma. Proteins of seminal plasma and frozen sperma samples were seperated by SDS-PAGE. Protein bands on the polyacrylamide gel from both seminal plasma and frozen sperma were evaluated as percentage distribution of proteins using densitometer. The percentage distribution of protein bands were compared with statistically the parameters of sperma. Results of this study showed that the protein band with 22 kDa has a relation with the motility and the number of dead spermatozoa. Moreover, the protein band with 29 kDa has a statistically significant relation with the number of abnormal spermatozoa. These results may suggest that seminal plasma proteins have a role on the functions of spermatozoa and its quality of life and on the physiologic role of seminal plasma.