This study was carried out for detection of Salmonella isolates from 309 different apparently healthy samples (97 fecal, 71 bile, 102 intestinal content, 18 livers and 21 spleen) collected from slaughtered sheep in a slaughterhouse in Basra during the period between September to November 2010. The results revealed that the incidence rate of salmonella isolates in fecal samples was 7.2 %, in bile samples 8.5 % and in intestinal content 9.8%. While no isolations were obtained from the liver and spleen samples. The total positive sample of salmonella isolates was 23 (7.4%).

The present study had thrown the light on the in vitro antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extract of three local medicinal plants; Coriandrum sativum (Coriander), Vitis vinifera (Grape seeds), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) against the growth of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of some local cows infected with clinical mastitis. The antibacterial activity was carried out by using agar well diffusion technique in Mueller-Hinton agar. Four concentrations could be prepared from each plant extract, these concentrations were 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml. The results were obtained by measured the zone of inhibition around the well that could be exhibited by each plant concentration that followed incubation of bacterial plates and expressed as mean±Standard error (SE). Ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum was possessed the strongest antibacterial effect among the tested plants, the results were: 29.44±1.17, 29.22±0.32, 27.77±0.99, and 26.11±1.27 mm at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml respectively, Followed by Vitis vinifera extract which showed moderate values recorded as 20.88±0.77, 20.11±0.58, 18.22±0.36, and 20.88±0.35 mm at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml respectively. The least antibacterial activity was exhibited by the extract of Zingiber officinale that produced the following inhibition zones; 15.11±0.80, 15.77±1.12, 17.66±0.33, and 17.55±0.44 mm at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml respectively. On the other hand, S.aureus was variably susceptible to five of the used standard antibiotics; Lomefloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, and Rifampin. Means of their inhibitory zones were; 29.44±0.41, 23.22±0.46, 21.77±0.36, 19.88±0.42, and 11.11±0.26 mm respectively. Whereas Cefprozil showed no effect against the growth of the tested organism.

In this study, three heavy metals (mercury, nickel and copper) in twenty eight canned fish and meat samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The metal contents, expressed in ppm (mg/ L), varied from 0.01 to 3 ppm in canned fish and from 0.001 to 2 ppm in canned meat for mercury, from 0.0001 to 0.0003 ppm in canned fish and from 0.0001 to 0.0007 ppm in canned meat for a nickel, and from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm in canned fish and from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm in canned meat for copper. The results of this study showed the concentration of mercury in fish and meat samples exceed normal levels, and statistical analysis of results by ANOVA showed significant differences between fish and meat in some samples for mercury

This study was conducted using auto-skin transplantation for repairing of large skin loss of one front limb in dogs. The study was carried out on 8 clinical cases of dogs that brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq; from October 2006 to September 2010. These animals underwent severe lacerated necrotic wounds especially at one front limb more than others. A protocol of general anesthesia was conducted by premedication with atropine sulphate, followed by a mixture of xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride. The large skin defect treated by creating a subcutaneous tunnel extended from the thoracic to the abdominal area at the lateral side of the trunk; therefore the naked area of affected limb covered by a new skin successfully from the subcutaneous tunnel. The result revealed that the all flaps healed without partial or total loss. The appearance, texture, and color of the flaps were similar to those of the donor site. The auto-skin transplantation by subcutaneous tunnel considers an effective and alternative method for the treatment of large skin defect of one front limb in dogs.

Rabbits were treated with large does of progesterone for up to 420 days developed numerous cysts of the endometrial ,sometimes associated with atypical .Histological of examination was performed on uterine biopsy samples of irregular cystic (polyp) masses noted .During caesarean section of a 2 month –old female Rabbits ,Microscopically examination revealed dilated hyperplasia gland with focal back to tack appearance ,surrounded by spindle ,fibrocystic-like cells ,stroma, heavy plasma cells infiltration of the endometrial by widely scattered viable and degenerate neutrophils ,lymphocytes , and plasma cells admixed with mild amounts of cellular debris and hemorrhage. The endometrial was markedly expanded by many irregular polyps and hyperplasic gland .Grossly one uterus was slightly thickened with pale mucous membranes .Where as the other uterus had numerous small ,4 mm in diameter, translucent cysts diffusely scattered on the endometrial surface .2x1.5x1 cm polyp oval ,hard, gray-blue smooth surface. Shows pink and bluish thin with small cysts.

This study was conducted on 74 Iraqi buffaloes suffered from retention of fetal membranes (RFM) after 8-12 hrs in Karbala province from 2010-2011, there were ranged from 3-7 years old. The affected animals were divided into four groups randomly according to the treatment regime .1st group (18 buffaloes) treated manually ,2nd group (22buffaloes) treated with oxytocin hormone 100 IU(10ml/IM) .While the 3rd group (21 buffaloes) was treated with a single dose of estrumate 750μg (3ml /IM) .The 4th group (13 buffaloes) was treated with a single dose of estradiol benzoate (15mg/IM) and all groups were treated with a single dose of oxytetracycline 20% (20ml/IM).The response for different treatment regimes were 100% ,77% ,76.19% and 76.92% for groups respectively. The manual removal treatment gives a superior significant difference (P

Malaria is a major health care problem in tropical regions due to the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against widely available antimalarial drugs. Traditional societies relied on medicinal plants to treat parasitic infections. As a result, drugs like quinine and artemisinin were isolated from herbs and barks (Varughese et al. 2010). Sceletium tortuosum has been used as medicine for social and spiritual purposes by San hunter gatherers and Khoi pastoralists. Sceletium tortuosum is rich in alkaloids, one of the important classes of natural product producing treatment for parasitic infections (Kayser et al. 2002). Laboratory preparation of extracts of fresh S. tortuosum plant material was conducted mimicking traditional methods of preparation using organic solvents. Mesembrine was isolated from a methanol extract using conventional column chromatography. Sixteen extracts and mesembrine were evaluated for antiplasmodium activity using a plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase culture sensitivity assay with chloroquine as reference drug. Of the sixteen extracts, four showed activity against P. falciparum with IC50 ranging between 1.47 µg/mL and 7.32 µg/mL. Extracts prepared from stored material at -20 °C showed no antiplasmodium activity. The four originally active extracts were re-screened six months later, but the antimalarial activity could not be reproduced. To determine discrepancy in biological results, chemical profiling of the extracts was done using high performance liquid chromatography technique. Differences were observed in the profiles of the active extracts when compared to those of stored plant material. The instability of plant constituents observed could be a result of plant storage suggesting that the plant is best used when fresh.

One Health - ‘joining the dots’

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, fever causing viral disease that affects domestic animals and humans. In Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this pathology is not well documented. No epidemic of the RVF has not been reported but sera samples collected in six provinces surveyed from 2005 to 2006 revealed 14% of apparent prevalence and, high apparent prevalence (20%) of antibodies against RVF virus was reported in Katanga Province during the same survey; this serological evidence was associated with abortions cases in Cattle (Mulumba et al. 2009). Livestock immunisation is important for control of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) epidemics; however immunisation of susceptible domestic animals in endemic countries does not protect animals against the clinical disease but prevents the propagation of virus to human population through reduction of the amplification degree in host animals. The humoral immunity is sufficient for protection for animals as well as for humans. The infection caused by RVFV leads to neutralisation of the immunity of the animal (Barnard 1979). Various immunological studies have been made on the characterisation of immune response during RVFV epidemics but, until now several studies have been concentrated on the response of the innate immune particularly based on signal interferon system than the response of the adaptive immune and cell mediated humoral immune. The available information on the immune response related to RVFV does not seem to provide enough information on various mechanisms of the response immune system. The aim of the study is based on mechanism of immune response system including protective effect of immunisation against RVFV. In addition, epidemiological and molecular studies will be assessed. As a matter of fact, following studies will be conducted: • evaluation of the immunological protection against Rift Valley fever in vaccinated and non- vaccinated cattle using IgG and IgM ELISAs in Katanga Province • assessment of cellular response to Rift Valley fever disease in vaccinated and naturally infected cattle • molecular characterisation of RVFV strains circulating in vaccinated and non vaccinated cattle • assessment of protective effect related to vaccinal strains in cattle, using a longitudinal survey. The studies will be carried out Northern Katanga Province within two areas, one with historyof circulation of RVFV and other without history RVFV circulation. Whole blood, spleen, liver, lymph node will be collected as target tissues from cattle carcasses. In addition, goats and sheeps samples will be collected alongside from each area in order to clarify the disease situation. Serological tests based on the detection of Ig M and Ig G will be used. DIVA tests, LAMP, and IHC techniques will be used. Within previously vaccinated areas in the above mentioned areas and those that are not vaccinated, the collected samples will be analysed using RT-PCR/RT-LAMP. In vitro experimental studies systems will be carried out using animal PMBCs that will be infected with wild type of RVF virus as well as with vaccinal strains, such as clones 13 and MP12 to characterise various cell types such as CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B-cells, NK cells and, macrophages will be studied with regard to activation and apoptosis signals on various post – infection days, using flow cytometry. A pool of animals will be vaccinated with the Clone 13 and another with the MP12 to determine the traceability. The monitoring of the immune response will be done through the measurement of immunoglobulin G (Ig G) and immunoglobulin M (Ig M). RT-PCR, spectrophotometer or Facs methods will be used for the dosage of cells T CD4 + and Cell T CD8+.

Malaria co-exists with intestinal helminths and they have different effects on infected individuals. A total of 235 and 208 children from Ekona and Great Soppo respectively of both sexes aged 4–14 years were enrolled into a cross-sectional study. Capillary blood was collected for detection and determination of malaria parasitaemia as well as PCV. Stool samples were collected for quantitative determination of helminth ova by Kato-Katz technique. The prevalence of malaria and helminths was higher in Ekona than Great Soppo. In Great Soppo, Trichuris was the most prevalent helminth than Great Soppo and an association was found between these co-infections. More children were co-infected in Ekona and co-infecting species were Ascaris and Plasmodium falciparum. The prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminths as well as co-infection was lower in Great Soppo than in Ekona, probably due to increased urbanization in Great Soppo than Ekona.