Impaired abomasal motility is common in cattle with abomasal disorders. The macrolide erythromycin has been demonstrated to be an effective prokinetic agent in healthy calves and in adult cattle with abomasal volvulus or left displaced abomasum. We hypothesized that 2 structurally related macrolides, spiramycin and tulathromycin, would also be effective prokinetic agents in cattle. Six milk-fed, male, Holstein-Friesian calves were administered each of the following 4 treatments: spiramycin, 75 000 IU/kg BW, IM, this dose approximates 25 mg/kg BW, IM; tulathromycin, 2.5 mg/kg BW, SC; 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl (negative control); and erythromycin, 8.8 mg/kg BW, IM (positive control). Calves were fed 2 L of cow's milk containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg body weight) 30 min after each treatment was administered and jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically after the start of sucking. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration. Spiramycin, tulathromycin, and the positive control erythromycin increased abomasal emptying rate compared to the negative control. We conclude that the labeled antimicrobial dose of spiramycin and tulathromycin increases the abomasal emptying rate in healthy milk-fed calves. Additional studies investigating whether spiramycin and tulathromycin exert a prokinetic effect in adult cattle with abomasal hypomotility appear indicated.

Objective—To identify biomarkers of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate neurotoxicity in transgenic mice expressing the mutant canine ABCB1 gene (ABCB1-1Δ). Animals—8 ABCB1 knock-in and knock-out transgenic mice expressing the ABCB1-1Δ gene and 8 control mice expressing the wild-type canine ABCB1 gene (ABCB1-WT). Procedures—Groups including 2 ABCB1-1Δ mutant mice and 2 ABCB1-WT mice were administered the P-gp substrates ivermectin (10 mg/kg, SC), doramectin (10 mg/kg, SC), moxidectin (10 mg/kg, PO), or digoxin (1.53 mg/kg, SC). A toxicogenomic approach based on DNA microarrays was used to examine whole-genome expression changes in mice administered P-gp substrates. Results—Compared with control ABCB1-WT mice, ABCB1-1Δ mutant mice developed neurotoxic signs including ataxia, lethargy, and tremors similar to those reported for dogs with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation. Microarray analysis revealed that gene expression was altered in ABCB1-1Δ mutant mice, compared with findings for ABCB1-WT mice, following administration of the same P-gp substrates. Gene pathway analysis revealed that genes with a ≥ 2-fold gene expression change were associated with behavior and nervous system development and function. Moreover, 34 genes were altered in the ABCB1-1Δ mutant mice in all 4 drug treatment groups. These genes were also associated with behavior, which was identified as the top-ranked gene network. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These study data have facilitated understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicosis in ABCB1-1Δ mutant mice following exposure to various P-gp substrates. Some genes appear to be potential biomarkers of P-gp substrate neurotoxicity that might be used to predict the safety of those drugs in dogs with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation.

Objective—To determine effects of staple size, precompression time, and tissue thickness on staple shape and tissue approximation in side-to-side jejunocecal anastomosis in equine specimens. Sample—Cecum, ileum, and jejunum specimens obtained from 18 healthy horses at an abattoir. Procedures—Specimens were allotted into 2 groups. Anastomoses were stapled with 4.8-or 3.8-mm staples. Precompression time was 15 seconds for both groups. Staple lines were cut into proximal, middle, and distal sections. Thickness of intestinal walls was measured with a calibrated tissue micrometer, photographs were obtained, and intestinal tissues were digested. An investigator measured staples and assessed the shape of staples on high-definition digital images. Number of optimally shaped staples and staple height were compared among sections and between groups. Results—Use of 4.8-mm staples resulted in poor approximation of tissues in the distal sections of anastomoses. The percentage of optimally shaped staples was 538 of 551 (97.6%) and 616 of 634 (97.2%) for 4.8- and 3.8-mm staples, respectively. The percentage of optimally shaped staples did not differ significantly between groups for the same sections. There was a lower percentage of optimally shaped staples in the distal sections than in the proximal and middle sections of each group. Mean staple height did not differ significantly among sections of each group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of 3.8-mm staples with an adequate precompression time for jejunocecal anastomosis in horses resulted in proper staple shape. These findings could be used to improve the technique and outcome for stapled jejunocecal anastomoses in horses.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate polyclonal- and monoclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical (IHC) tests for the detection of 2 genotypes of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a and b, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph-node tissue from pigs with experimental or natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and to compare the IHC results with those of in-situ hybridization (ISH) assays. The ISH assays proved more sensitive than the IHC tests for the detection of PCV2a and PCV2b. According to these findings, polyclonal-antibody-based IHC testing is the most practical routine diagnostic method for the detection of PCV2 regardless of genotype because IHC testing is less technically complex than ISH testing. However, ISH assays are useful to differentiate between PCV2a and PCV2b in surveillance programs for the monitoring of PCV2 in swine herds.

This work is important for the demonstration the orbital region as far as the fine anatomical description site of view which have a great important for veterinarian surgeon who work s in the field of eye surgery. In this study we use six skulls of adult camels ofeachsex and by mean of fine topographical and gross anatomical description of the orbital bone and foraminae, they revealed that, the supraorbital foramina was absent at the skull of one humped camel, with the presence of super facial fissure which engaged with semi foramina for transmission of supra orbital nerve.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect that result from taking 40 mg /kg BW of purified lignan from the seed of flax Linum usitatissimum L. in the growth and development of mammary glands during virgin , pregnancy and lactating stages for 14 days. Thirty (30) rabbits were used in this experiment divided into six groups, two groups at maturity (virgin) stage, two groups at pregnancy stages and two groups at lactating stages (5 rabbitseach group). The following studies were decided: histological, histochemical, biochemical and hormonal studies for each group. Microscopic examination of mammary gland in the virgin rabbits that treated with pure flax lignan showed more growth in the size of lobules and alveoli. In pregnant, the treated groups showed more branching of alveoli with more flattened epithelium. In lactating treated group showed the lobules were expanded and contained more branching alveoli with discontinuous flattened epithelium. The PAS staining reaction of histological sections of mammary gland from treated groups and control were showed positive reactions in all groups. The biochemical studies showed a significant increase (p

The current study was accomplished to investigate the toxicity of naproxen sodium (NAP) in white rats, and then to detect the pathogenesis of NSAIDs-induced gastro-intestinal injury. The study included the usage of main effective(naproxen) on (48) male and female white rats, They were divided into four groups, and each group contained(12) rats, divided as follows. group-C, which treated with normal saline, group(L) was low dose which received (5mg/kg) of naproxen sodium, group(I) was given intermediate dose ,which received (10mg/kg) and group(H) represented high dose, which received (20mg/kg). The drug administrated by oral gavage for three months. Results of the study included the macroscopic changes such as minimal changes of the gastric mucosa or lining epithelium in the wall of stomach, also included ulceration of the small intestine, in addition there was increase length of the villi and presence of inflammatory cells in lamina properia, and also there was degeneration of mucosal epithelium and mucosal glands in the lamina propria of the stomach, There was vacuolation of mucous lining cells of the stomach, and there was inflammatory cells in the serosa, presence of prominant ganglionic cells in the distal part of muscularis externa of the stomach. The pathological changes of high dose of naproxen was more severe than intermediate dose(group-I) and low dose(group- L).

This study was conducted on serum from 6 different regions covering all parts of the Basrah province during the period from October 2012 to June 2013 in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease in bovine species. From the serology results, the overall prevalence of this disease was(72.7%.) . Of the 165 samples subjected to Nonstructural protein (NSP) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening test, 120 were interpreted as positive representing (72.7%.) while the other 45 samples were negative representing 27.3%. The seropositivity significantly associated with age groups (p0.05) while the difference among age groups was significant (P < 0.05)

Because of the pivotal role of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules in regulating the immune response and their extensive polymorphism, it is not surprising that particular HLA class II alleles have been implicated in susceptibility to allergic diseases and in restriction of the IgE responses to a variety of allergens. We investigated the relationship between HLA-DRB1*0103 and HLA- DQA1*0201 genotypes and allergies to amoxicillin(AX) and love bird (LB) and explored their restriction of IgE responses to these allergens. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test (ELISA) was used to examine the specific IgE antibodies in the sera of 175 subjects including 145 atopic patients and 30 healthy individuals without any allergic reaction. All of them were chosen for HLA genotyping by polymerase chain reaction . Compared with seropositive all control and seronegative individuals showed negative PCR HLA genotyping results.The higher overall rate (39.4%) of PCR positivity was observed inseropositive patients with positive PCR HLA-DQA1*0201 genotyping results .Also PCR HLA-DQA1*0201 genotyping revealed the higher rates of the PCR positivity in the males and females of the second age group in comparison with those of the first age groups but without significant difference (P > 0.05). The same result was also observed in positive PCR result for the patients with HLA-DRB1*0103 and those with both HLA -DRB1*0103 and HLA-DQA1*0201 as the non-significant higher PCR positive rates was observed in the males and females of the 2ndage groups.Also the females of the second age group showed the higher PCR positivity rates (100%,50% and30%)for HLA-DQA1*0201 and HLA-DRB1*0103) and both respectively ELISA results revealed that the overall rate of seropositivity in tested individuals to amoxicillin(AX) or love bird dropping extract (LBDE) allergens was 54.9% .The females were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) from males and they showed the higher rate of seropositivity against AX(57.9%)and LBDE(58.9%)allergens.In contrast there was no significant effect(P > 0.05)for the age on the seropositivity against LBDE and the patients of the 1st age group showed higher rate (55.9%) of seropositivity in comparison with rate (43.7%) of 2ndage group patients

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of of Cypermthrin on serum acetylcholine concentration , Spinal cord and Sciatic nerve histopathology in adult rats. Fourty eight adult rats were used , they divided randomly and equally into four groups . Control group orally dosed with normal saline for 90 days . The other three groups were dosed orally with different three doses of cypermthrin , high dose ( 64 mg / kg b.w. ) intermediate dose ( 32 mg / kg b.w. ) and low dose ( 16mg / kg b.w. ). The results shows that serum acetylecholine concentrations increased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) in rats exposed to high and intermediate dose of cypermethrine compared with control group. Whereas there were no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) between low dose of cypermethrine and contol group . Hitopathological examination of spinal cord and Sciatic nerve revealed that there were a dose dependent increase in vaccuolation in nerves fibers to be affect larg number of nerve fiber in high dose and it affect few numbers of nerve fibers in low dose. In conclusion cypermthrin affected positively histopathological findinds of nerves fibers .