Xenomonitoring is an important approach in assessing the progress of trypanosomiasis control as well as in estimating the endemicity of trypanosomes in affected areas. One of the major challenges in this approach is the unavailability of sensitive and easy to use xenomonitoring tools that can be used in the remote areas where the disease occurs. One tool that has been used successfully in detecting the parasites in tsetse flies is the repetitive insertion mobile element loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RIME LAMP). This tool has recently been modified from the liquid form to dry form for use in remote areas; however, uptake for use in the field has been slow. Field-collected tsetse flies were used to evaluate the performance of dry RIME LAMP over the conventional liquid RIME LAMP. All the samples were also subjected to internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a standard. ITS1-PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for confirmation of the species. A total of 86 wild tsetse flies were left to dry at room temperature for 3 months and DNA was extracted subsequently. All 86 flies were Glossina morsitans morsitans. From these, dry RIME LAMP detected 16.3% while liquid RIME LAMP detected 11.6% as infected with trypanosomes. Ten positive samples on ITS1-PCR were sequenced and all were shown to be trypanosomes. The use of dry RIME LAMP in the field for xenomonitoring of trypanosomes in tsetse flies will greatly contribute towards control of this neglected tropical disease as it provides the cheapest, fastest and simplest way to estimate possible human infective trypanosome infection rates in the tsetse fly vectors.

Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes mortalities in freshwater and marine fish worldwide and therefore results in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Apart from the apparent integral role of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) capsule in pathogenesis, factors associated with virulence of this bacterium are poorly understood. However, recent studies have indicated that the ability of L. garvieae to cause disease does not depend on the presence of the EPS capsule. Lack of knowledge of virulence factors, pathogenesis and serology of L. garvieae is an impediment to the development of effective typing methods and control measures. This study, therefore, aimed to detect the presence of EPS capsules and other putative virulence factors in South African L. garvieae fish pathogenic isolates and a non-virulent isolate, and to identify possible candidates for subunit vaccine development. No indication of the presence of the EPS capsule was detected by negative staining or amplification of the EPS biosynthesis gene cluster in the virulent isolates or the avirulent strain, discrediting the notion that the EPS capsule is the sole determinant of virulence. However, a set of putative virulence factor genes was detected in all isolates, and candidates for subunit vaccine development (enolase, lactate dehydrogenase phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase) were identified by identification of extracellular proteins of virulent strains.

Squamous cell carcinomas are malign tumors composed of squamous epithelium of skin and mucous membranes and showing squamous differentiation. A male, 11-year-old Chinchilla race cat was brought to Ankara University, Veterinary Faculty, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Internal Diseases with complaints of anorexia, weakness, dysphagia, fatigue and difficulty in swallowing solid food. Metronidazole (15 mg/kg, iv), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (25 mg/kg, sc) and fluid treatment were administered to the patient, respectively. As a predisposing factor in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats, exposure to cigarette smoke, the use of flea collar, and especially nutrition with tuna fish- containing ingredients are mentioned.

In this study, normal values of important blood parameters in the clinical direction of blood samples of Van cats living in Van and around Van were investigated.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose, total cholesterol, total lipid, total protein, total bilirubine, urea, creatinine quantities, α-Amylase, GOT, GPT, γGT, CK, ALP, LDH, α-HBDH, Che, SDH enzyme activities, GOT/GPT, γGT/GOT, CK/GOT, LDH/GOT, HBDH/LDH ratios and serum protein fractions in 10 Van cats; albumin, α-1globulin, α-2 globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin and albumin / globulin ratio were determined.In order for Van cats that are an important cultural asset and protected rather not to become extinct but to provide them with healthy conditions for living and breeding, we believe that the values we identify will contribute to practice associated with Van cats and generate collective reference values in scientific studies and will help veterinary clinicians.

The present study was designed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Randia dumetorum, Tinospora cordifolia and commercial herbal medicine (Prajana HS, Indian Herbs Overseas) for induction of cyclicity in anoestrus buffalo heifers.Fourty eight anoestrus buffalo heifers were examined and redistributed into six groups(G0, G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) and each comprising of eight (n=8) animals. Untreated anoestrus animals (G0) andcyclic animals (G6) were kept as an anoestrus control and cyclic control, respectively. Group G1 wassupplemented with the mineral mixture, while G2, G3, G4, and G5 groups were treated with Prajana HS, Randiadumetorum,Tinospora cordifolia,and the combination of Randia dumetorum andTinospora cordifolia,respectively along with supplementation of mineral mixture. Overall estrus induction and conception rate were recorded as 50 % and 75 % in mineral mixture (G1),75 and 83.33 % in Prajana HS (G2), 87.50 % and 85.71 % in Randia dumetorum (G3), 62.5% and 80% inTinospora cordifolia (G4), and 87.5% and 85.71% in Randia dumetorum and Tinospora cordifolia combination(G5) whereas none of heifers were exhibited estrus symptom in untreated anoestrus control group.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease which has worldwide importance and is hard to control and treat. Researchers have not yet developed a protective vaccine for humans in the light of current studies. Various experimental animal models are being used since; i) Leishmania has different species and vectors, ii) there are still many clinical, pathological and immunological issues that have to be investigated, iii) new non-toxic medical recipes to have maximum yield in a short time have to be investigated, iv) protective vaccination have to be developed. Mouse, hamster, dog, rodent, and non-human primates are among these animal models. None of them has the same clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology with the disease in human. However, rodents, dogs, and monkeys, which are the last host of the parasite, are among the most preferred models in recent days. Considering the different clinical forms of the disease, it is best to decide which Leishmania species to work with which animal. This review is intended to guide the researchers in choosing an appropriate animal model for leishmaniasis studies.

A two-year old lioness (Panthero leo) was referred to our clinic with nasal and oral bleeding, vomiting and anemia. As being informed by the owner; we learned that the lion had a history of anorexia, nasal discharge, fatigue, dehydration and apathy just one month prior to admitting the clinic. At the laboratory examination Urea, Creatinine and RBC (red blood cell) were higher than normal. Coronavirus, Feline Leukemia Virus, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (Rapid FIV/Ab FeLV Ag Test Kit, Bionote®) agents were checked with commercial immunochromatographic rapid test kit and found as negative. Heamobartonella sp was found by blood smear. Enrofloxacin (Baytril-K % 5, Bayer®) 10 mg/kg dose for 10 days once a day and vitamin K and supportive fluid were given for treatment. All clinical signs and abnormal blood values returned to normal levels after 17 days. This report indicated that Heamobartonella sp is important agent also for wild cats and all cats should be controlled for this to infection even if suffered from renal failure.

The helicase genes and hypervariable regions (HVRs) of three avian hepatitis E viruses (HEVs) detected at three different farms were sequenced and characterized. Two isolates (DW-L and GI-B2) were classified as genotype 2 and one isolate (GR-B) was classified as genotype 1. A phylogenetic tree, based on the helicase gene and HVR nucleotide sequences, revealed the newly detected viruses and other avian HEVs were classified similarly. Unlike previously reported avian HEVs, the DW-L isolate detected in broiler breeders with characteristic lesions of avian HEV had no prolinerich motif in its HVR, suggesting that the proline-rich motif is non-essential for viral replication and infection.

Eight rabbits exhibited head tilt and subsequently died. At necropsy, three rabbits had crusty deposits in ears and four had reddish lungs. The main histopathological features were severe diffuse suppurative meningoencephalitis (75.0% of rabbits), fibrinopurulent pneumonia (37.5%), and otitis externa (37.5%). Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was isolated from brains, ears, and lungs. The capsular serogroups of the isolates were untypable. Based on histopathological features and bacterial analysis results, the rabbits were diagnosed as P. multocida infection. P. multocida infections might result in considerable economic loss in commercial rabbit production facilities in Korea.

The present study observed the effects of a green tea (Camellia sinensis) flower extract (GTFE) on melanin synthesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. GTFE exhibited antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GTFE significantly diminished alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) stimulated cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity throughout the concentration range evaluated. Based on RNA sequencing analysis, differential gene expression patterns observed in alpha-MSH stimulated B16-F10 melanoma cells were normalized by the addition of GTFE. In particular, the expression levels of melanoregulin and tyrosinase genes which are key regulating genes in melanin synthesis were up-regulated by 3.5 and 3 fold respectively by alpha-MSH, and were normalized to control levels by the addition of GTFE. The results suggest that GTFE inhibits melanin synthesis in alpha-MSH stimulated B16-F10 melanoma cells by normalizing expression of genes that are essential for melanin synthesis. Overall, the results suggest that GTFE could be applied in the development of a whitening agent for the treatment of dermal hyperpigmentation.