This study was carried out to investigate the harmful effect of water fluoridation on both(thyroid and adrenal gland) in adult male rats its weight about (400-300gm) exposed to sodiumfluoride(NaF) in the drinking water. We are used in this study (٣٠) adult male rats (albino) weredistributed randomly and divided into two equal groups (15 animals per group) . The first groupwas given normal water and considered as a control group (control group), while the second groupwere given drinking water with 100 ppm of sodium fluoride(NaF) (treated group). this study carriedout in the animal house in the college of Vet. Med.\ Tikrit University. blood was drawn through theeye pupil for periods (0,30,60 days) in order to measure the following parameters: Measurement ofGlutathione(GSH) concentration, total cholesterol and blood glucose concentration . In additiontaking tissue sections of the thyroid and adrenal glands.The results of this study showed thatexposure of animals to sodium fluoride at a concentration of 100 ppm in drinking water for (60)days cause adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction, represented by a significant decrease in the levelof glutathione in blood serum on days 30 and 60 of the experiment and a significant increase in totalcholesterol and blood glucose concentrations.The results of the histological examination of thethyroid gland of the treated group showed hyperplasia of the epithelial cell layer lining the acini vesicles, and severe lipid changes were seen in the function of Reticularis in the histological sections of the thyroids gland of the same group animals. The results of this study confirmed theharmful effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) on thyroid and adrenal functions in addition to its effect onsome biochemical parameters that are indicative of the occurrence of harmful effects of somechemical compounds

This study tends to survey of common problems and diseases of fish aquaculture projects atRaparin administration area which have 76 projects, three species of Cyprinidae, common carp, grasscarp, silver carp, in earthen and concrete ponds. By achieve the history of the disease outbreaks andunderstanding management strategies which applied by farmers, on this bases the collection of samplesfrom different cases at different regions of Raparin area, clinical examinations done. The results of thisstudy indicate the blow diseases and problems of fish aquaculture projects. Bacterial infections,hemorrhagic septicemia, Bacterial enteritis, Infectious dropsy, skin ulceration. Fungal infections,Saprolegniosis, epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Parasitic infections, Gyrodyctylus infection,Ductylogyrus infection, Argulosis. Bad management represented by poor nutrition, low applyingoxygen, and bad water quality.

The current study was carried out to demonstrate the ability of chicken liceMenacanthus stramineus to transmit Toxoplasma gondii by using PCR technique. Theblood was collected from the jugular vein of 85 chickens infested with ectoparasitesto investigate the existence of Toxoplasma gondii by latex agglutination test. Theresults showed that 42 (49.41%) of chicken were infected with lice, lice samples ofMenacanthus stramineus were collected from chickens infected with T.gondii forPCR investigation to confirm the presence of T.gondii in lice tissues and the resultswere revealed the presence of T. gondii B1 genein 18(42.85 %) samples.

The objective of the study was to examine the normal liver using ultrasound technique formeasuring liver thickness, portal and hepatic veins diameter in clinically normal cattle, furthermore todetermine some liver lesions. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the liver in 20 local cattle breeds ofdifferent ages 10 of them have exhibited clinical signs of chronic emaciation, icteric mucousmembranes and decrease in milk production moreover, the other 10 cows were clinically normal. Liverposition, diameter and texture were explored from the right side of the abdominal wall in standingposition, without anesthesia by using 3.5 MHz transducer, after hair moistening by alcohol. The largestliver thickness was measured at the 10 and 12 intercostal space and it was decreased gradually forward.Normal liver has an echogenic appearance of equally distributed white dots and had a uniform mildechogenicity, there were an anechoic round and tubular vascular structures, representing hepatic andportal veins while abnormal liver has multi-hypoechoic circles. It has been concluded that, Sonographyof normal liver can be utilized as a good diagnostic references in animals with liver diseases.

This study aims to manufacture protein concentrates from the hydrolysates protein ofpoultry feathers and camel hair and comparing the effect of using these protein concentrates onsome productive characteristics. The studied traits included the percentage of egg production,feed consumption, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion efficiency, and total mortality. As wellas the sensory characteristics of meat (colour, tenderness, juiciness, flavour and generalacceptance). A total of 90 quail females aged 36 weeks were randomly assigned to threetreatments (3 replicates for each treatment). The birds fed the following experimental diets: Thefirst treatment (control diet containing 5% commercial protein concentrates). The secondtreatment (a diet containing hydrolysates protein manufacture from the feather of 5%). The thirdtreatment (a diet containing hydrolysates protein manufacture of camel hair by 5%). The resultsshowed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the percentage of egg production, egg mass, andfeed conversion efficiency. Except for feed consumption, weight of eggs and total mortality rate,the differences were not significant. As for the sensory qualities, the quail meat samples treatedwith the protein concentrates made of feathers and camel hair have a higher degree of flavourcompared to the control treatment. Differences did not appear in the degree of generalacceptance of the meat product of birds in various treatment. It can be concluded that theaddition of protein hydrolysates from poultry feathers and camel hair to the diets of Japanesequail by 5% improve the productive performance of this bird and most meat qualities.

The establishment of modern sheep production systems in Iraq, lead to presence of variousforms of hybridization between the native and Middle East breeds which have been utilized forgenetic improvement. This occur in consistence with the progressive destruction or deteriorationof sheep habitat. Together, these factors have accelerated the loss of genetic diversity or evenresulted in the extinction of some indigenous breeds. Therefore, it is important to developefficient strategies for surveillance, evaluation, conservation and utilization of the availablegenetic resources for this species. Seven random amplification polymorphism DNA (RAPD)marker used. The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity for Awassi native breed inIraq. The higher polymorphism information contents at the seven markers (Seventy- three bandsobtained with 28.3% of polymorphism) indicate the retention of natural variation from sourcepopulations for the domestic breeds of different geographic regions in Iraq. Analysis of geneticdifferentiation revealed substantial divergence among these breeds as 16% diversity indicatingthat some evolutionary forces (e.g. selection and migration, uncontrolled selling across borders)had acted on these populations. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses displayed aremarkable degree of consistency between geographic origins, breeding histories and the patternof genetic differentiation.

In late December, 2019, patients presenting with suspected of viral pneumonitis due toan non-identified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronaviruswas subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novelcoronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of Jan 26, 2020, more than 2000 cases or more of 2019-nCoV infection have been confirmed, most of which involved people living in or visitingWuhan, and human-to-human transmission has been confirmed.

Ticks are harmful ectoparasite that feed on human and animal blood and causing manydiseases through the world. They infested many hosts including: mammals, reptiles and birds.Ticks are important vector and they have the ability to transmit a variety of pathogenic agent tohumans and animals. Ticks are divided into two major groups which are hard tick (Ixodidae) andsoft tick (Argasidae). Because there was no such study done on identification of tick species byPCR technique in Kurdistan and particularly in Duhok Governorate, therefore present study wasdone to identify tick species by using molecular study by using of 16S rRNA and DNAsequencing. About 1000 ticks were collected from both sheep and goat respectively (500 and500), form Duhok Governorate including: Barwaria, Zakho, Sumeil, Mangeshik, Sersin, Shekhanand Akre, Iraqi Kurdistan, between May and June 2016, between April and June 2017. Theresults of present study three genera of tick were detected in small ruminants by microscopicidentification including: Rhipicephalus spp., Hyalomma spp. and Boophilus spp. Distribution oftick among sheep and goat according to the gender, the rate of infection in female was higherthan in male in both species Ewe and Doe was 32.6% and 31.11% respectively as compared tomale in both species (Ram and Buck) was 21.15% and 15.11% respectively. The distribution of gender of tick in was higher in male ticks than female tick with ratio 2:1. Distribution ofidentified ticks in present study including (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Boophilus)respectively, in Barwaria were (82.6%, 13.3%, and 4.1) respectively, in Zaxo were (48.3%,42.5% and 10.3%), in Sumel were (47%, 42.7% and 10.3%), in Mangeshik were (73,2%, 26.8%,and 0%), in Sersink were (61.5%, 38.5% and 0%), in Shekhan were (78.8%, 11.8% and 9.4%)and in Akre were (60%, 34% and 6%). On molecular study, 60 samples from 150 were positivewith size 460 bp after 16S rRNA amplification and have got clear bands on agarose gel 1% andelectrophoresis and 20 PCR positive products were sent to Humanizing Genomics, MacrogenCompany (Korea) using primer 16S_rRNA gene for sequencing both forward and Reverse. Sixspecies of tick under two genera were founded including: Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma wereidentified which including: Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, R. annulatus, R. sanguineusand R. turanicus. H. asiaticum asiaticum for the first time was recorded in Kurdistan, andespecially in Duhok city. Moreover, all sequences were submitted to NCBI using BankItsoftware and we obtained accession number. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16SrRNA for both samples: 16S rRNA (MN594483) and (MN594490) were identical 100% toreference sequences respectively: (KU664367.1 and HM176656.1) and other sequences wereidentical 99% to the references sequence. In conclusion the present study is the first study foridentification of tick species among sheep and goats in Duhok Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan bysequencing analysis

The present work aims to study the morpho-histological and histochemical structure ofgall bladder in white – eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) in college of veterinary medicine atuniversity of Basrah. Fifteen samples of adult healthy males were used, which divided in tothree groups. Each group include (5) male used for this study. Tissue sections stained withH&E, Mallory’s, PAS, Verhoeffs and Toluidine- blue. The result indicated that the gallbladder was appear to have blind ovoid- shaped with green color and situated in the middleventral surface of the right lobe of the liver. The histological examination revealed that itconsists of three layers (tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa or adventitia)

Bovine viral diarrhea BVD has been detected and diagnosed in local buffalocalve breeds of Basrah, Iraq. The study was conducted to examine (980) suspectedbuffalo calves under one year old and of both sexes. One hundred sixty-eight(168)calves give positive results with PCR test. Twenty-five (25) clinical healthylocal buffalo calves are considered as controls. Diseased calves show different clinicalmanifestations belong to the disease with a significant increase indicated in the bodytemperature, respiratory and heart rate, as well as the capillary refill time of diseasedbuffalo calve compared with controls. Results of hematological changes indicated asignificant increase in packed cell volume in diseased buffalo calve than in controls,Moreover, A significant leukocytopenia due to a significant lymphocytopenia wasalso indicated in diseased animals compared with the control group. Results of theclotting factor indices of diseased calves and controls show a significant decrease intotal platelet counts, However, the platelet volume and the platelet distribution width,the clotting time, the prothrombin time, the activated partial thromboplastin time wassignificantly increased in infected animals than in controls. A significant high valuewas indicated in Aspartate and Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatize aswell as the blood urea nitrogen, In BVD buffalo animals than in the control animals,On the contrary, a significant decrease was encountered in total protein in diseasedcalves than in the control group. Results of the acute phase response of the currentstudy revealed a significant increase in haptoglobin in BVD buffalo calves than thecontrol group, Whereas, a significant decrease in Fibrinogen time has been indicatedin BVD calves. The macroscopic examinations of the BVD carcasses revealed severecongestion of the intestinal vessels accompanied by Ecchymotic hemorrhagic enteritiswith multiple enlargements of mesenteric lymph nodes along with most parts of thesmall and large intestine with pasty fecal materials. Furthermore, atrophy of theintestinal villi with sloughing of the epithelial lining of villi of the small intestine, aswell to hyperplasia of goblet cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the intestinalmucosa, to congestion of blood vessels was also indicated via histopathologicalexaminations. It has been concluded that BVD has very harmful effects on domesticruminants, which mostly terminated by death, Therefore, applying the controlmeasures is the final and suitable choice to control and eliminate the disease.