The pharmacokinetic aspects of cephradine were studied after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of a single dose of 50 mg kg-1 b.wt. in chickens. Tissue distribution and residues of cephradine after repeated oral administration for 5 consecutive days were also estimated. After IV injection of cephradine in a dose of 50 mg kg-1 b.wt., the serum concentration time curves were best described by a two compartment-open model. The drug was rapidly distributed with a distribution half-life (t0.5(α)) of 0.120 h and apparent volume of distribution (Vdss) was 2.187 L kg-1. The drug was rapidly eliminated with a half-life of elimination (t0.5(β)) of 1.047 h and the body clearance (ClB) was 2.35 L kg-1 h-1. The drug was rapidly absorbed after IM, SC and oral administration as indicated by short half-lives of absorption (t0.5(ab)) of 0.154, 0.364 and 0.65 h., respectively. While the elimination half-lives (t0.5(el)) and systemic bioavailabilities were 0.859, 2.652, 1.74 h and 59.386, 84.5, 97.97 %, respectively. Repeated oral administration of cephradine (50 mg kg-1 b.wt twice daily) for 5 consecutive days caused no change in serum enzyme activities of ALT and AST but induced a significant increase in serum uric acid concentration at 72 to 120 hours post administration.

In a trial for comparison between the efficiency of single fowl pox (FP) vaccination and the efficiency of each combined FP and Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) vaccination and simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo and with FP and Chicken anemia virus (CAV) vaccines our conclusion was that there is no antagonistic reaction between FP virus strain and each AE, Reo and CA viruses strains. In addition, humoral immune response against AE virus strain in case of combined AE+FP vaccination is markedly potent than that in case of single AE vaccination, more over the value of average EID50 of AE virus strain in several batches of combined AE+FP vaccines is significantly higher at P > 0.05 than that in several batches of single AE vaccines. On the other hand, immune response against FP virus strain and Reo virus strain in case of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is higher than that in case of single FP vaccination and single Reo vaccination. Consequently, it is advisable to use combined live attenuated AE+FP vaccine instead of vaccination with single FP and AE separately. Also, application of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is advisable as it is proved to be more beneficial than vaccination with each vaccine separately specially in case of that FP vaccine of low potency.

The present study aimed to clarify the light and electron microscopic structure of the prostate gland of mature (one-humped camels) during different seasons of the year. Glands of seventy-two mature healthy animals (5-7 years old) were collected from the Cairo slaughter house during one year, (6 samples each month) and prepared to be studied microscopically by the light and electron microscope. The prostate gland was found to be consisted of an external dorsal part dorsal to the neck of the bladder and an internal part situated in the submucosa of the prostatic urethra. During active season (winter and spring), the corpus prostate was enveloped by a thick fibromuscular capsule which sent septa, to divide the gland into lobules. The parenchyma formed of compound tubuloalveolar adenomeres. The alveoli and tubules were lined by high columnar cells and few basal ones. The acini appeared at different stages of secretory activity (synthesis, storage, secretion and exhaustion). Ultrastructurally, the acinar cells contained well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), numerous mitochondria and a variable number of secretory granules. The duct system began as central collecting sinuses lined by simple columnar secretory epithelium. The pars interna occurred in the submucosa of the prostatic urethra enveloped by a thick fibro-muscular band. The branched tubuloalveolar parenchyma contained adenomeres lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. During the inactive season (summer and autumn), the stroma showed a marked proliferation of the fibromuscular tissue on the expense of the parenchymatous tissue. The adenomeres became very small or even rudimentary with narrow lumina devoid of secretory materials. Marked reduction in the cytoplasmic organelles with a total absence of the secretory granules was also pronounced.

A study was performed on fifty normal goats for radiographic (only 20 animals), and sonographic (the all 50 animals) investigations. Radiographic results revealed that, both kidneys had bean shaped and smooth contour. The right kidney position was constant due to its relation with the liver, while, the left kidney was mobile and its position varied according to the degree of fullness of the rumen due to its long mesentery. The sonographic results revealed the position, shape, dimensions and echogenicity of kidneys, by using 3.5/5.0 MHz curved transducer and 6.0/8.0 MHz linear transducer. The renal capsule was represented by a very fine echogenic lines around the kidney that couldn’t be distinguished from the peri-renal fat. The cortex was more echogenic than the medulla and had uniform finely granular hypoehoic pattern. The corticomedullary junction was slightly more echogenic than the cortex due to the presence of the arcuate arteries. The medulla was observed as hypoechoic area interrupted by bright echogenic lines representing the recesses and interlobular arteries that gave the appearance of typical medullary pyramids. The dimensions of the right kidney were 5.32 ± 0.12, 2.79 ± 0.07, 0.64 ± 0.01, 1.52 ± 0.03, 2.74 ± 0.09, 1.27 ± 0.06, 1.25 ± 0.05, and 1.72 ± 0.09; and the dimensions of the left kidney were 5.34 ± 0.12, 2.80 ± 0.07, 0.65 ± 0.01, 1.55 ± 0.03, 2.76 ± 0.09, 1.26 ± 0.06, 1.28 ± 0.05, and 1.73 ± 0.1, for the length, width, cortical thickness, medullary thickness, depth, diameter of renal sinus, diameter of renal parenchyma, and circumference of renal pyramids respectively.

Wound healing is a fundamental response to tissue injury and several natural products have been shown to accelerate the healing process. The present study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of the topical treatment of acetone leaf extracts of <em>Combretum imberbe, Combretum nelsonii,Combretum albopuntactum</em> and <em>Terminalia sericea</em> based on their in <em>vitro</em> antimicrobial activity. Four circular full-thickness skin wounds were made on the backs of eight anaesthetised Wistar rats using aseptic techniques. The treatments were administrated topically using 10% and 20% concentrations of each extract in aqueous cream in separate treatments. Indications of erythema, exudate, crust formation,swelling and ulceration were used to determine the wound healing process. All of the wounds closed completely within 17 days. Throughout the experiment, a subcutaneous probe was used to determine that the body temperature and body weight of the rats were within the normal range. <em>C. imberbe</em> and <em>C. nelsonii</em> extracts accelerated wound healing, but there was no significant difference in wound contraction using 10% and 20% concentrations of the extracts in cream. The results also showed the potential usefulness of this model to measure accelerating wound healing.The extracts could perhaps overcome defects associated with healing failure in chronic wounds and prevent secondary bacterial and fungal infections.

This study was designed to determine whether toluene abuse affected the organs function or general health of males and females. In this study used 24 rabbits of both sex , the animals were divided in four groups , six animals in each group ,the animals were exposed to toluene vapor inhalation ( 500 ppm / 2h/day ) daily for 2 months.Exposure &ndash;related suppression of body weight gain and food consumption were observed. Salivation and lacrimation were observed during exposure periods .The pathological changes these were showed organs have simple different between the males and females. The pathological changes observed in the lungs of males are emphysema, infiltration of lymphocytes in alveolar wall , thickness of alveolar wall ,and hemorrhage ,similar to that in female .The pathological changes observed in the kidney of females observed fatty degenera- tion and cloudy swelling ,while in the males cloudy swelling only. The pathological changes observed in the liver of females observed hydropic degeneration , while in the liver of males hydropic degeneration , congestion of blood vessels ,and infiltration of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes).The pathological changes observed in the uterus of females observed fibrosis, oedema , degeneration of the cells lining the uterine gland ,and red blood cells with inflammatory cells.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs and histopathological changes of acute toxicity of ivermectin in the centeral and peripheral nervous system liver, kidney, pancreas and heart of pigeons after s/c injection with ivermectin .Eighteen bird were divided into three equal groups.Group A were injected with 8mg,group B were injected with 10 mg and group C served as control group.The results showed markedy reduced of water and food consumption ,somnolence and death of treated pigeons.Nervous signs were restlessness, ataxia, un steady gait, tremor and recumbent. The histopathological changes included degeneration of nerve fibers of spinal cord and sciatic nerve .Degeneration , necrosis and vacuolation were noticed in liver, kidney and heart,as wll as proliferation of bile duct was also seen in liver.

The study was conducted on 85 clinical cases of Karadi breeds of Iraqi ewes, suffering from dystocia, which were brought by the farmers to A.I center of veterinary Directorate and the Veterinary. Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sulaimani University to be treated during lambing season. The age of animals ranged from 2-4 years, and the number of lambing ranged from 1-3 times. One of the following treatments was chosen; 1) Correction of fetal maldisposition and traction (n=25), 2) Medical treatment of ring womb when fetal membranes were not yet ruptured (n= 17) or 3) Cesarean section was performed, when delivering per vaginum was judged to be impossible (n= 43). Medical treatments consisted of a combination of calcium borogluconate 2% (40 ml S.C.) with Estradiol benzoate 17-β (2mg i.m.). Positive response been indicated when the method of treatment showed good prognosis. The results showed that cesarean section had a higher positive response (83.7%), while manual correction and traction showed 60% response. Poor response was observed in the medical treatment group (41.1%). It was concluded from this study that cesarean section was the safest method of the treatment especially if performed as early as possible.

Brush border enzymes activity were decreased in group infected with giardiasis comparing with the control group, probably represent a direct effect of this parasite on the brush border of the enterocytes. The present study indicated that mucosal enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and lipase) levels were altered in infected rats after (1-2) weeks post infection compared to control group. concentration of both enzymes were increased during infection and this phenomenon was taken as mucosal marker for malabsorption.