Conventional methods of detecting Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a bacterium that causes caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheeps and goats focused on several serodiagnostic tests such as ELISA, Western blotting and various inhibition and precipitation techniques. This paper described a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) protocol for the direct detection of polyclonal
antibodies against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis with immobilisation of the antigen on unmodified transducer surface. The lower limit of detection was determined to be 2 μg mL-1 of immobilised antigen (Ag). Sufficient binding interaction was monitored on unmodified transducer; and saturation of the binding interaction was observed at 80 μg mL-1 of interacted antibody.

Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 3 cows from rectal pinch
samples. Direct smear stained with Acid Fast and Kinyoun stain was used to detect the organism. Subsequent samplings also indicated positive for Cryptosporidiosis, whereby one of the animals died due to dehydration and severe clinical signs of diarrhea. The farm had contaminated water supply where two out of the four ponds were
positive for Cryptosporidium spp. whereas the municipal water supply was negative. The management of the farm was poor in terms of nutrition and cleanliness which led to Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the cattle compounded by stress factors. The mortality of the adult dairy cattle and calves was also high reaching up to
40%. The most common cause of death was leg weakness, severe dehydration and pneumonia in calves as a result of severe infections. Cryptosporidiosis is zoonotic and thus needs to be controlled to prevent outbreaks in the human population.

Anthelmintic resistance which is escalating in Malaysia and other
countries is forcing farmers worldwide to look at alternative, green technologies to improve productivity and reduce diseases caused by helminths in livestock. One such method is the use of effective microbes or Useful Microbes (UM) for worm control. Therefore, a preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of UM on nematode parasites of goat in a government farm. Fifteen Boer goats were randomly selected and fed with UM Bokashi mix (effective microbes in the form of granules) with commercial goat
pellets and UM fluid in drinking water. UM used in this study was produced by Department of Veterinary Services Penang by fermenting UM stock culture with a fruit base and molasses. Faecal egg counts
(FEC) using the modified McMaster technique was carried out weekly for 5 weeks. The results show that the UM used for animal feeding (5% Bokashi with commercial goat pellet) and ad lib UM fluid in drinking water, fed over a period of 1 month showed Faecal Egg Count
reduction from 3240 e.p.g. to 677 e.p.g. (79% reduction). The general packed cell volume also increased in a majority of the animals indicating better general health. Further studies are necessary to establish the systematic use of UM in smallholder farms as well as large commercial establishments and to determine its mode
of action in the pathophysiological aspects in the face of common limitations such as poor nutrition and other stress factors.

Prevalence and management of ovulatory disturbances was recorded from 454 repeat breeding crossbred Jersey cattle of Kashmir valley during a 7 years period (2004-05 to 2010-11). Prevalence of anovulation and delayed ovulation was recorded 16.30 and 12.78% with an overall prevalence of 29.07% ovulatory disturbances. Anovulatory animals treated with RCG (Chorulon @ 1500 to 3000 IV i.v. per animal depending on body weight) showed conception rate (CR) of 86.36%; while those treated with Buserelin (Receptal @ 5ml Lv. per animal) as 100.00%, although this difference was statistically non-significant. Animals suffering from delayed ovulation inseminated twice, thrice or 4th times depending on the persistence of estrus signs showed overall CR of 87.93%.

The therapeutic efficacy of two formulations, one containing garlic and other lead carbonate and acetate, camphor, neem and eucalyptus oils were assessed in 18 and 29 clinical cases of dermatological disorders in dogs, respectively. None of the preparation showed satisfactory results against mange infestation. Both the preparations were almost equally effective in cases of fungal and non-specific dermatitis.

The effect of two thawing temperatures (37°Cfor30 sec. and 60°Cfor 7 sec.)on sperm survivability and conception rate in buffaloes with frozen semen of Murrah bulls was compared. Thawing at 60°C resulted in statistically significant increase (P0.05) in sperm survivability (motility,live spermatozoa and intact acrosomes) compared with thawing at 37°c. In all, 161 buffaloes were inseminated with frozen semen thawed at 37°Cand 159buffaloeswith semen thawed at 60°Cbetween 2006-07 and 2009-10. Conception rate of 64.15% and 50.31% was obtained with semen thawed at 60°C and 37°C, respectively, and the difference was significant (P0.05). Artificial insemination of buffaloes with frozen semen thawed at 60°C for 7 sec. could be safely used to improve both sperm survivability and conception rate in buffaloes.

Different selective culture media were evaluated for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from 120 poultry meat samples. The recovery ofAeromonas isolates was highest fromAmpicillin DextrinAgar (89.39%), followed by Aeromonas Starch DNAse agar (68.18 %) andAeromonas isolation media (18.18 %).

The scarcity of green during summer months imposes nutritional stress on farm animals. In this study we examined the effect of nutritional stress on various biochemical parameters of rabbits.Control and green deprived groups each of 20, weaned New Zealand White rabbits, of either sex, were randomly placed and observed for two months. Then green was re-introduced in deprived group for again two months. Blood sera harvested at every 15th day and analyzed using RA 50 Chemistry auto analyzer. Significant (p0.05) decrease of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increase in gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and serum cholesterol was observed in rabbits green deprived group.

The present study was designed to evaluate the longevity of canine cauda epididymal sperm in vitro at 40C. The testes were collected from 30 mixed breed dogs of average weight of 20-25Kg,presented to the clinics for sterilization. The testes were stored at 40C in normal saline in a refrigerator.The sperms were collected from the epididymis at different intervals of time (0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr) by taking 6 testes in each interval of time. The sperm quality was accessed at different intervals of time.The data analysed was analysed by ANOVA and the significant level was 5% (P= 0.05). The sperm concentration at different interval of time and storage at 40C did not show significant difference. On the other hand the sperm motility revealed significant difference between all the time intervals of sperm collection except at 8 and 12 hr of collection. There was significant difference of live sperm (%) at different intervals of sperm collection except at 8-12 hrs of sperm collection. The percentage of normal sperms was significantly different in between 0 to 24 hr interval of time but there was no significant difference either at 4 and 8hr or 12 and 24 hr of sperm collection. The acrosomal integrity was found statistically significant between 0-24 hrs of sperm collection and storage at 40C. There was significant difference in percentage of hypo- osmotic swelling between 0 hr (66.67 ± 2.11%), 4 hr (40.50 ± 6.21%), 8 hr (26.27 ± 2.25), 12 hr (11.50 ± 1.38%) and 24 hr (6.67 ± 1.05%). However, there was no difference between 8 and 12 hr of sperm collection from testes and storage at 40 C. The study concluded that the cauda epididdymal spermatozoa can be effectively stored and utilised for the purpose of assisted reproductive technology during emergency. These findings can be applied to the endangered wild canines and felines.

The study evaluated in-vitro antibacterial activity of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)leaves using disc diffusion method against common skin and wound pathogens. Methanolic hot and cold extracts of green seabuckthorn leaves were tested against 160 microbial isolates obtained from clinical skin and wound infection cases of different animal species. Different concentrations of leaf extracts i.e. 0.5%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% were tested against 1×108 cfu/ml bacteria inoculated on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA). The inhibitory effect of SBT leaf extract at 5% concentration was observed to be almost 50% as compared to the standard drugs used as positive control against isolate.