Copper has been known to possess antimicrobial properties since as far back as the Phoenician era where ship hulls were copper sheathed to prevent the inevitable effects of biofouling. As a consequence of evolving scientific research and development, therealization of novel materials and agents has enabled new scientific branches, such as nanotechnology. In this paper, we investigate the performance of different forms of copper coating for application as antifouling materials. Samples were deployed in Tuticorin-Newharbour for four weeks and analyzed for evidence of biofouling. It was found that copper in its nanoform, produced the greatest antifouling effectiveness in mild steel compared to other forms ofantifouling coating.

In India, curd forms one of the essential item and efficient source of probiotics supplement. Probiotics are a group of beneficial lactic acid producing bacteria which constitute the major portion of the gut micro floral population providing invaluable B-complex vitamins. In the present study, the prebiotic potential of commercially available Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) targeting, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was utilized to prepare smart curd and the same was examined for chemical, microbiological, sensory evaluation and compared with control curd. It has been found that addition of FOS improves the sensory parameters and did not affect the microbiological parameters and can be deemed safe for consumption.

Fermentation of soybean meal eliminates the anti-nutritional factors of soybean meal making fermented soybean meal a potential lower-cost substitute for animal protein in piglet diets.Fermentation process using bacteria, fungal and yeast strains in soybean meal (SBM) is the novel technique which is used to remove the anti-nutritional factors of SBM. In general, two types of fermentation process namely Solid State Fermentation (SSF) and Liquid or Sub merged State Fermentation (SmF). Numerous studies were carried out to document the beneficial effects of feeding fermented soybean meal. Weaning is a stressful condition to the piglets which accompanied by diarrhoea, some time may lead to death. Antibiotic growth promoters can be added to the piglet diets but it is banned in most of the countries. Fermented soybean meal supplementation can enhance pig growth performance of which the enhancement in feed efficiency is due to the improvement in nutritional value and availability rather than feed intake.The gut microbiota plays a crucialrole in livestock health and disease. Hence, it is necessary to find a mechanism to remove anti nutritional factors along with improved intestinal microbiota thereby producing improved production performance and reduced diarrhoea in piglets. The main objective of this review is to discuss the benefits of feeding fermented soybean meal in piglets. 

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing plant metabolites like tannin and saponin through Acacia nilotica plant extract on methane mitigation and rumen fermentation characteristics for dairy cattle by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) in forage based diet. A highly significant (P<0.01) reduction of methane was observed in Acacia nilotica plant extract supplemented groups than their respective controls. The significant (P<0.05) reduction of methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate was found in 0.75 ml of Acacia nilotica extract supplemented group than other treatment groups after eliminating the errorinduced by the extractant. The rumen fermentation characteristics viz. ammonia nitrogen, in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), bacterial and protozoal population was significantly decreased in 0.75 ml and 1.0 ml Acacia nilotica plant extract added groups. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and propionic acid were significantly (P<0.05) increased and acetic acid and acetate to propionate (A/P) ratio were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in 0.75 ml and 1.0 ml Acacia nilotica plant extract added groups than their respective control groups. It was concluded that the methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate was significantly decreased at the inclusion level of 3.09 % of tannin and 2.34 % saponin through Acacia nilotica plant extract supplemented group than control.

A two year old, intact female Great Dane was presented with the history of dysponea and anorexia for a period of six days. The dog was already treated in a private clinic. Based on the clinical, haematological, biochemical and peripheral blood smear examination, the case was diagnosed as canine babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni. Echocardiographic examination revealed both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. The dog was treated with doxycycline, clindamycin and metronidazole. Histopatological examination revealed myocardial necrosis and haemorrhage.

A three-year-old male dog was presented with a mass in the oral cavity. Upon examination of the oral cavity revealed a soft and pink mass on the hard palate. Surgical excision was performed under general anaesthesia. Based on the histopathological examinations the case was diagnosed as fibrosarcoma. Recurrence of the tumour occurred within two months at the same site on the hard palate and wasreoperated for surgical excision. Animal made an uneventful recovery.

Cutaneous tumors are commonly noticed in small and large ruminants, but fibrosarcoma in skin and subcutaneous tissue is a rare finding. This might be one of few case reports of cutaneous fibrosarcoma in goats. A three-year old, female goat was presented with a history of progressive growth at the base of the horn in frontal region, noticed over a period of one month of duration. Physical examination revealed presence of a solitary mass (9.0 cm×7.2 cm×1.8 cm) at the base of the right horn extended to inter-horn space medially and forehead cranially. Survey radiograph revealed no pulmonary metastasis. Histopathology of excised tumor mass confirmed as fibrosarcoma. The goat had a recurrence of fibrosarcoma within three weeks from initial excision.

A seven year old intact non-descript male dog was brought to the Madras Veterinary College Small Animal Unit with a history of reduced appetite, vomiting and voiding of dark yellowish urine for the past three days. On physical examination, he had pyrexia, icteric mucous membrane and enlarged lymph nodes. Haematobiochemistry analysis revealed anaemia with neutrophilia, elevated creatinine, direct and total bilirubin. He was diagnosed as Leptospira interrogans by using ELISA and the serovar was confirmed as Leptospira interrogans var. canicola using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). He had uneventful recovery after being treated with Doxycycline orally for 21 days along with supportive therapy.

The present study was carried out to study the effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on blood and serum parameters of broilers. Day old broilers (n=180) were distributed randomly into six dietary groups each with five replicates of 6 birds. The dietary treatments include Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 0% (T1; negative control), T1 + Vit-E, Se, Vit-C (T2; positive control), 1.5% (T3), 3.0% (T4), 4.5% (T5) and 6.0% (T6) levels by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC and H/L ratio were not inÀuenced by the level of MOLM in diet. Decreased (p<0.01) serum cholesterol and increased HI titers (p<0.05), serum protein (p<0.05), globulin (p<0.01) with increasing MOLM in diets. Results showed that MOLM can be included up to 6% without any deleterious effect on health status of the broilers and meat production with low cholesterol.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, OIE notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats. PPR is enzootic in India as a greater number of outbreaks have occurred in the past and now occurring regularly round the year and throughout the country. The PPR outbreaks in sheep and goats have declined in some of the Indian states Viz., Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Chhattisgarh after implementing the strategic mass vaccination campaigns. The decreased number of outbreaks, as well as changes in the disease severity patterns and distribution, might be due to the effectiveness of the vaccine, timely vaccination, and most importantly effective implementation of the vaccination strategic plan. This review is focused upon the overall understanding of the National PPR Control Programme (PPR -CP) and its strategies vaccination implantation in India for the control and eradication of PPR.