Canine pyometra is the most common diestrual uterine disease of intact bitches and is characterized by accumulation of purulent material in the uterine lumen, typically occurring during or immediately following a period of progesterone dominance. Pyometra can be classified as open-cervix or closed-cervix, with the latter being a medical emergency requiring rapid intervention to prevent subsequent sepsis and potential patient death (Pretzer, 2008).

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and hematological changes in different age groups of H. contortus affected Nellore brown sheep. A total of 180 Nellore brown sheep flock maintained in an extensive system of grazing were selected randomly. Even though the sheep were dewormed regularly, an outbreak was noticed during May 2020 in Raptadu mandal of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Eight sheep were found dead in the flock prior to screening. During screening out of 180 sheep, 128 sheep were found normal and were kept as control group and 52 which exhibited clinical signs of anemia, poor growth, emaciation, diarrhea were selected. Blood samples were analyzed for the parameters like hemoglobin concentration (g/dl), Packed cell volume (%), Total erythrocyte count (TEC) and white blood cells (TBC), MCV (fl), MCH(pg), MCHC (g/dl) and compared with normal animals. The infection was confirmed to be due to H. contortus following the recovery of Haemonchus worms at post-mortem. The prevalence of H. contortus was recorded to be 40.9 percent in males (18 out of 44) and 25 percent in females (34 out of 136) with an overall prevalence of 28.89 percent (52 out of 180) in this present study.

Mycotoxins are carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic toxic metabolites that are known to cause detrimental effect on the health of animals consuming its contaminated feed. The objective of this study was to study the seasonal occurrence of mycotoxins, aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), citrinin, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in feed and feed ingredients submitted to Pharmacovigilance Laboratory for Animal Feed and Food Safety (PLAFFS). A total of 412 samples which included feed (289) and feed ingredients (123) received during 2019-2020 were analyzed using thin layer chromatographic method. Among the 249 positive samples, the incidence of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1 amp;G2, citrinin and ochratoxin A were 85.54%, 14.06%, 1.2%, 20.08%, 3.21% and 2.41% respectively and the concentration of these mycotoxins ranged between 1.14 to 899.78 μg kg-1. Only few samples were contaminated with aflatoxin G1 amp; G2, Ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin. Seasons had an influence on the mycotoxin contamination and the highest incidence was detected during winter, whereas, Citrinin and T-2 toxin were maximum at monsoon and summer respectively. Regular monitoring of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed is essential to prevent the entry of mycotoxins in the food chain.

An exploratory study was carried out to ascertain the socio economic and nutritional contribution of Nattukuttai cattle to the farmers in Villupuram, Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts of Tamil Nadu. Forty respondents were selected from each of the three selected districts and thus the total respondents accounted to 120 Nattukuttai cattle rearers. Majority of the farmers rearing Nattukuttai breed of cattle were middle aged, Hindus, belonging to Scheduled caste category and were employed as agricultural labourers. Majority of the Nattukuttai rearers had an annual income ranging from Rs. 80,500 -1,61,000/-. The mean annual income obtained from rearing Nattukuttai cattle alone was Rs. 27,945/-. Majority of the respondents were rearing Nattukuttai cattle for meat, milk and manure purpose under zero input system. The male calves were reared till 2-3 years of age and sold to the local vendors for meat purpose. Most of the farmers in the study area had the practice of consuming beef. Nattukuttai breed of cattle had a direct socio economical, ecological and nutritional impact on the sustainable livelihood of the farmers in the study area. A targeted livestock service is suggested towards Nattukuttai cattle rearers to safeguard this cattle genome as well as its ecosystem.

The study was undertaken to assess the adoption level and constraints perceived by goat farmers about improved scientific goat rearing practices. The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of well-structured interview schedule from 60 goat farmers randomly selected in Irumbulikurichi village, Ariyalur district of Tamilnadu. The recommended practices were categorized in to three areas i.e., breeding, feeding and health care management. Overall adoption index of improved goat husbandry practices by the farmers revealed that, feeding practices obtained highest adoption index (52.33%) followed by health care practices (48.83%), breeding practices (42.83%) and also the overall adoption index of goat rearing practices among the farmers is 48 per cent. Likewise, the major constraints perceived by goat farmers were lack of grazing land (88.33%), lack of knowledge on scientific farming practices (80%) followed by lack of credit facility (75%). Hence, the study recommends that innovations in technological interventions on scientific goat farming shall be imparted through vocational training, demonstration of efficient technologies, optimizing the flock size and motivating the goat farmers with extension support and services might help them to adopt recommended improved technologies for sustainable goat production thereby enhancing the farmers’ livelihood.

Coligranuloma is an economically important bacterial disease caused by Escherichia coli and is characterized by nodular granulomas in liver, mesentery and walls of intestine. Three adult white leghorn layer birds of 24-week-old were brought for necropsy examination from Jeelakarragudem village of West Godavari district. Upon necropsy, the birds revealed typically hard, yellow, nodular granulomas in the mesentery and on the wall of the intestines with few tiny nodular lesions on the liver. Impression smears of the nodules showed large number of gram-negative rod-shaped organisms. The inoculums from the nodular lesions when streaked on to MacConkey agar and EMB agar resulted in characteristic rose-pink and metallic sheen colonies respectively. PCR targeting the E. coli 16S ribosomal DNA resulted in an amplicon of 585 bp. Based on the necropsy lesions, staining and cultural characteristics and PCR, the disease was confirmed as Coligranuloma.

An investigation was carried out to assess the nurtional , texture profile, microbial and sensory quality of wafer cones. Refined wheat flour and water, lecthin oil, vegetable fat, baking powder, SMBS (Sodium Meta Bisulphite) were used for the preparation of the wafer cone. Treatments were prepared with casein powder at the rate of 3, 5 and 7 per cent for enriching the wafer cones and control samples were prepared by using refined wheat flour. The quality assessment for moisture, protein and fat was carried out using infrared analyser from NDC technologies. Sensory acceptability was assessed by 9- Point Hedonic Scale and results were analysed statistically.

A Study on the comaprative efficancy of two types of serial collapasible fish traps differning   rear end funnel opening was carried out. With respect to Type-1 trap having rectangular rear end funnel opening and Type-2 trap with elliptical rear end were fabricated. The experiment was carried out in fishing ground one nautical mile off  the coast of mandatam (Lat 09 degree 16.633 'N  long .. 0.79 degree 08.992 ') Feb 2015 to june 2015. significant differnce wasobserved with respect to catch rate of different species caught irrespective of the design of traps (Plt;0.05). The difference in shape of rear funnel opening was found to be responsible for the significant difference in the catch rear funnel opening was about 3 times higher catch rate of Type-1 trap with rectangular rear funnel opening was about three times higher (17.1 Nos/ soaking day) than that of Type-2 trap with elliptical shaped rear funnel opening (5.9 Nos./ soaking day). The impact of seasonal variation on the catch rate was found to be insignificant (Pgt; 0.05). Though Psammoperca waigensis was found to be the dominant specices in both  types of traps in terms of number, Epinephalus coioides ranked first in term  of weight and price per kilogram in both Type-1 and Type-2 traps. Irrespective of the types of traps tested, the higher catch rate, including all the species caught, and was observed during the month of February which directly increased the overall catch rate during February month. With respect to the behavior of different species caught in relation to the types of traps tested, Sarcocendrum rubrum was recorded only in Type-1 trap which had rectangular shaped rear funnel opening and Muraena sp was recorded only in Type-2 trap with elliptical shaped rear end of the funnel opening which served like a burrow and hence facilitated the entry of eel. Type -1 trap gave three times higher gross returns than Type-2 trap.

A retrospective study was carried out to assess the udder affections of cows that were presented to the Large Animal Medicine Referral Clinic of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Thanjavur, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu during June 2017 to April 2018. In this study involving 161 cows, 4 cows were found to have udder swelling / abscess diagnosed by ultrasound and percutaneous aspiration done under sonagraphic guidance. Udder ultrasound revealed hyperechoic alveolar tissue with anechoic/ heterogenous content in the affected quarters. Aspirated samples were culturally positive for the isolate Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest susceptibility to streptomycin followed by enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and amoxycillin with good recovery on treatment.

A Seven - month old female Kankrej calf was presented to Large Animal Clinics - Out-Patient - Medicine Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai, with the history of recurrent tympany for two months with scanty dung with a pasty consistency. Onclinical examination of the animal, bilateral distension of the abdomen was noticed. Haematobiochemistry revealed neutrophilia with leucocytosis and significantly elevated Gamma-Glutamyl-Transferase values. In radiography, no change in the silhouette of reticulum could be appreciated other than a mild bronchial pattern. Ultrasonography revealed an anechoic encapsulated cavity with echogenic internal spots of the reticular wall. Based on these findings, the calf was diagnosed with an abscess in the reticulum. Accordingly, the abscess was drained and the animal was treated with antibiotics and supportive therapy and the animal recovered uneventfully.